从编纂到禁毁:苏联犹太人《黑皮书》历史考察  

From Codification to Destruction: Historical Investigation of The Black Book of the Soviet Jews

作　　者：宋永成[1] SONG Yong-cheng(School of History and Culture,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi’an 710119,Shaanxi)

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院,陕西西安710119

出　　处：《陕西师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2019年第2期57-68,共12页Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目"苏联犹太人研究"(14FMZ005)

摘　　要：在二战期间,苏联政府为了唤起盟国特别是美国犹太人支持卫国战争,批准苏联犹太人反法西斯委员会和国外犹太组织联袂编纂《黑皮书》,旨在揭露纳粹德国及其帮凶在欧洲特别是在苏联被占领土上迫害和屠杀犹太人罪行。在编纂过程中,虽然犹委会内部以及它与美国犹太人组织之间在该书的版本、内容等方面产生了诸多矛盾和冲突,但战后《黑皮书》在国外仍得以顺利出版,并在纽伦堡审判中发挥了重要作用。由于美苏冷战爆发、内容不合苏联当局胃口、苏联国家反犹主义复活等原因,俄文版《黑皮书》最终被苏联当局查禁并销毁,随后又被当作清洗犹委会的主要罪证之一。《黑皮书》的历史正好见证了从二战到冷战苏联对犹太人政策的蜕变过程。During World War II,the Soviet government,in order to arouse allies,especially American Jews,in support of the Patriotic War,approved the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee in the USSR and foreign Jewish Organizations to compile the information The Black Book with an aim to expose the crime of persecution and slaughter of the Jews by Nazi Germany and its accomplices in Europe,particularly in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union.During the codification process,though there were many contradictions and conflic ts within the Committee and between it and the Jewish organizations of the United States in terms of the version and content of the book,The Black Book was successfully published abroad after the war,and played an important role in the Nuremberg Trials.However,the Russian version of The Black Book was eventually banned and destroyed by the Soviet authorities,and subsequently as one of main incriminating evidence for the cleansing of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee,owing to the outbreak of Cold War,Soviet authorities’ dissatisfaction with the content and the resurrection of national anti-Semitism in the USSR.The history of The Black Book bears witness to the transformation of Jewish policy from World War II to Cold War in the Soviet Union.

关 键 词：《黑皮书》 苏联犹太人反法西斯委员会 所罗门·米霍埃尔斯 反犹主义 伊利亚·爱伦堡 

分 类 号：K512.54[历史地理—历史学]