北京市公园绿地树冠覆盖及其植物多样性空间变化  

Urban Tree Canopy and Spatial Variation of the Diversity of Species in the Green Spaces of Parks of Beijing

作　　者：马杰 贾宝全[1,2,3] 费美玉[1,2,3,5] MA Jie;JIA Baoquan;FEI Meiyu(Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China;Research Centre of Urban Forestry, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China;Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China;Academy of Forest Inventory and Planning, State Forestry and grassland Administration, Beijing 100714, China)

机构地区：[1]中国林业科学研究院林业研究所,北京100091 [2]国家林业与草原局林木培育重点实验室,北京100091 [3]国家林业与草原局城市森林研究中心,北京100091 [4]河南科技学院,河南新乡453003 [5]国家林业和草原局调查规划设计院,北京100714

出　　处：《生态环境学报》2019年第3期429-437,共9页Ecology and Environmental Sciences

基　　金：林业公益性行业科研专项经费项目(201404301);北京市自然科学基金项目(8152031)

摘　　要：公园是城市森林的主体,其生态服务能力对整个城市森林的生态效益有重要影响。城市林木树冠覆盖是城市森林生态服务程度的指示器,物种多样性是城市森林管理的关键组成部分,对二者从城市发展、空间分布、公园类型等方面进行综合研究,不仅可以为城市森林之间的比较提供资料,也可以为未来城市森林规划指明方向。以北京市0.5 m的World View 2遥感影像为基础,计算其树冠覆盖率及其他土地类型比例,并分层抽样调查了77个公园物种构成。结果表明,(1)北京市六环内公园现实林木树冠覆盖率为81.46%,远远高于城市总体水平,郊野公园与森林公园树冠覆盖率高于其他类型。公园林木树冠覆盖在数量上以中、高覆盖度为主,在面积上则是极高覆盖度占比最大。由于经营管理措施不同,树冠覆盖率、水体率随着公园级别的降低而降低。(2)共记录北京市公园木本植物35科、64属、78种,以本地种为主,丰富度不高,多样性水平较低,群落以少数物种为主导,各环路、行政区植物景观有较高的相似性。(3)北京市六环内公园沿城市发展方向由城内向城外表现出规律性的梯度变化:树冠覆盖逐步增加;不透水地表比例降低;物种数、多样性、均匀度逐渐降低,以3环为分界线,其内常绿针叶树应用频度较高,其外落叶阔叶树应用频度较高。As the main part of urban forest, park has the largest area of forest and relatively stable community, which is the important place for increasing the diversity of species in the city, and its capacity for ecological services has an important impact on the eco-efficiency of urban forests. The urban tree canopy is an indicator of the degree of the ecological service of urban forests. The diversity of species is a key component of the management of urban forests. The comprehensive research on these two factors from the perspectives of urban development, spatial distribution and the type of park can not only provide information for comparison of urban forests, but also make the direction of future urban forest planning clear. Based on the 0.5 m World View 2 remote sensing image of Beijing City, we calculated the urban tree canopy and proportions of other land types, and surveyed the species composition of 77 parks by stratified sampling. The results showed that:(1) the urban tree canopy was 81.46% in parks within the sixth ring road of Beijing City, which was much higher than the average level of cities, and the urban tree canopy of country parks and forest parkswere much higher than other types of parks. In terms of quantity, the urban tree canopy in parks was mostly medium and high coverage, but with respect to the area, the extremely high cover had the largest proportion. Due to different operational and managerial measures, the urban tree canopy and water rate decreased with the decrease of the grade of parks.(2) This study recorded a total of 35 families, 64 genera and 78 species, most of which were less abundant indigenous species with a low level of diversity. A few species were dominant in the communities. The landscape of the plants in all ring roads and administrative areas shared a relatively high number of similarities. And(3) parks within the sixth ring road of Beijing showed a regular change in gradient from the inside to the outside towards the direction of city development: urban tree canopy graduall

关 键 词：公园 北京 林木树冠覆盖 多样性 

分 类 号：S731.2[农业科学—林学] Q14[生物学—生态学]