论费孝通的历史观  

A Study of Fei Xiaotong's View of History

作　　者：朱小田 Zhu Xiaotian

机构地区：[1]苏州大学社会学院历史系 [2]邮编:215123

出　　处：《史学理论研究》2019年第2期94-107,160,共15页Historiography Bimonthly

摘　　要：半个世纪以来,在社会史的"人类学转向"中,背负非历史主义冤名的功能派人类学一直遭到西方学界的拒斥。事实上,从20世纪30年代中叶开始,以费孝通为代表的功能主义者在关注文明社区生活变迁的过程中,逐渐形成了学派特色鲜明的历史观。作为对前此(进化论派和传播论派)人类学的不满,费孝通否定了"单线进化"的历史意识,但面对急剧变动的近代社会,他毅然自我否定,实现了历史意识的回归。这样的历史意识源自生活变迁的现场,着意于实际生活中仍在发挥功能的"活着的历史",从而确定了其"历史"方位;这样的历史意识滋生于特定的时空,偏好草根阶层的文化,表现生活关系的整体性,展示历史的日常样态。人类学的日常史重构主要是在田野中完成的。在那里,费孝通对物质文化、口传、碑文和历史传说等材料进行生活的印证和释读,充分发掘其中的思想史价值,体现了功能主义本色。重温费孝通的学术理念,完整叙述其功能主义历史观,对于疗治西方学界的选择性失忆,构建中国社会史理论和话语体系,当非常有益。For half a century, historians in the West have been rejecting functionalist anthropology in the anthropological turn of social history. The latter was often mistaken as non-historical. As a matter of fact, starting from the mid 1930s, functionalists represented by Fei Xiaotong have gradually established a view of history with distinctive features of their own in the process of studying changes in the social life of civilized communities. As a revolution against the previous anthropological approaches such as the School of Transformism and the School of Diffusionism, Fei Xiaotong negated the historical consciousness of “unilineal evolution”. However, in face of the dramatic changes in modern society, he resolutely denied himself and returned to historical consciousness. Such historical consciousness sources from the sites where changes take place in life and underlines the “living history” which still functions in real life, thus establishing its “historical” position;such historical consciousness evolves from specific time-space location, prefers grass-root culture, expresses the entirety of life relations and demonstrates the routine status of history. Fei Xiaotong verified and interpreted material culture, oral transmission, literature attached to the community (inscription), and historical legends in its entirety. In doing so, he reconstructed the history of everyday life through anthropology. His work further explores the ideological value of grass-root culture, and manifests its functionalist essence. A comprehensive review of Fei Xiaotong s academic world and of his functionalist view of history can be considerably beneficial to curing the selective amnesia in the Western academic circle and building Chinese social history theory and discourse system.

关 键 词：费孝通 功能主义 历史观 社会史 

分 类 号：C91-09[经济管理]