欧盟反危机措施的司法审查研究——兼论后危机时代欧洲一体化模式的博弈  

A Study on the Judicial Review of EU's Counter-crisis Measures——and on the Competition between Various European Integration Models in the Post-crisis Era

作　　者：杨国栋 YANG Guodong

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学行政法学院

出　　处：《欧洲研究》2019年第2期23-44,I0003,I0004,共24页Chinese Journal of European Studies

基　　金：西南政法大学校级科研项目"欧盟法‘良善行政’的程序维度及其对中国的启示"(2018XZQN-12)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：欧元区债务危机不但意味着金融和经济危机,更衍生了欧盟的社会和政治合法性危机。欧洲央行和欧洲理事会推出的反危机措施虽然收到抵抗危机与稳定欧元区之效,但在此过程中形成的欧盟经济治理的行政联邦主义模式却在欧盟和成员国两个层面损害了欧洲一体化的政治合法性,更刺激了欧洲一体化三种模式之间博弈的激烈化。在对欧元区债务危机进行控制和管理的过程中,欧洲央行推出的"直接货币交易计划"和"公共部门购买计划"先后接受了德国联邦宪法法院和欧洲法院的司法审查。在初步裁决机制中,欧洲法院的司法审查主要关注欧洲央行上述计划的货币政策属性及其与"禁止货币融资"条款的一致性,德国联邦宪法法院的宪法审查则立足于德国《基本法》的民主原则。两个法院两种不同的司法判决逻辑背后事实上是两种一体化模式的竞争:欧洲央行和欧洲理事会构成的"欧盟经济政府"的行政联邦主义模式以及德国联邦议会和联邦政府所代表的"民主的、主权的成员国"的有限一体化模式。面对反危机措施的行政联邦主义模式造成的欧盟民主与合法性危机,哈贝马斯与法国总统马克龙等人提出了有关财政经济政策一体化与推动民主合法性重心向欧盟层面转移的民主联邦主义模式主张。2019年的欧洲议会选举与欧委会主席选举将成为三种模式的博弈之战,其结果也将成为未来欧洲一体化的路标。The Eurozone debt not only encompasses financial and economic crisis, but also triggers the social and political legitimacy crisis. Although the counter-crisis measures adopted by the European Central Bank and the European Council had enabled the Eurozone to be stabilized, they undermined the political legitimacy of the European integration with the formation of administrative federalism in the Union's economic governance. Furthermore, they intensified the competition between the three models of European economic and political integration. The European Central Bank has successively adopted the OMT and the PSPP in order to control the crisis, both of which have been judicially reviewed by the German Federal Constitutional Court and the European Court of Justice respectively. In the preliminary ruling procedures, the judicial review by the European Court of Justice focused on their monetary policy nature and their compatibility with the “prohibition on the monetary finance” clause, while the German Constitutional Court based its judicial review on the democratic principle enshrined in the German Basic Law. The different approaches taken by the two courts reflect the competition between different integration models, that is, the administrative federalism model represented by the EU “Economic Government” composed of the ECB and the European Council and the limited integration model of the “democratic and sovereign Member States” represented by the German Bundestag and the federal government. Faced with the Union’s democratic and legitimacy crisis brought by those counter-crisis measures, Habermas and French President Macron proposed a democratic federalism model composed of the financial and economic policy integration and a transformation of the focus of democratic legitimacy to the Union level. The 2019 European Parliamentary Election and the Commission President election will become the first ever competition between these integration models, the result of which will become a vital indication of the

关 键 词：欧洲一体化 超越职权 行政联邦主义 民主联邦主义 货币政策 

分 类 号：D814.1[政治法律—国际关系]