租佃制度、土地收益与农地减租的推行困境:以川西地区为例  

Tenancy System, Land Revenue and the Difficulties of Land Rent Reduction’s Implementation: Take Western Sichuan as an Example

作　　者：张杨 Zhang Yang

机构地区：[1]四川大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2019年第3期71-83,共13页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“成都平原土地占有情况研究(1900—1956)”(批准号:16BZS121)阶段性成果之一

摘　　要：1949年秋,国民政府为挽救败局,稳定后方农村,由西南军政长官公署主导,在西南四省一市强势推行农地减租,要求地主减收四分之一租额,并划定示范区更换租约。租佃制度本是主佃双方经过长时间利益博弈而形成的一整套制度设计,租额变动引起了押租和押扣的变化,主佃之间围绕减租与扣息的先后、押租价值如何评估等问题争论不休,农地减租政策亦朝令夕改、漏洞百出。农地减租要求地主让渡四分之一地租收益给佃农,打破了主佃平分土地总收益的分配格局,扣除耕作成本,地主占据土地收益由减租前的优势反转为劣势。地主利益受损,对农地减租政策百般拖赖,甚至以撤佃相要挟,导致农村租佃纠纷频发,主佃关系恶化,佃农非但没有得到减租实惠,反而增加了租佃成本。In the autumn of 1949, the National Government thrusted a movement of farmland rent cut led by the Southwest Military Authority in four provinces and one city in southwest China, aiming to stabilize the rural area and save the critical situation.Landowners were required to reduce a quarter of the rent, and demonstration plots were designated to change the lease.However, the tenancy system was a whole set of institutional design achieved after a long time of benefit game between landowners and tenants.As the rent cut changed the rent deposit and the rent deduction, landowners and tenants entered into endless arguments on problems such as the sequence of rent cut and interest deduction, the evaluation of rent deposit values, etc.Moreover, the farmland rent cut policies were inconstant and full of loopholes.Landowners giving up a quarter of the rent to tenants had broken the distribution pattern featuring an equal division of total land income.Deducting the farming cost, landowners used to have advantages in sharing the land net income, but later they were in an inferior position.Therefore, landowners tried their best to ignore the policy as their interests were jeopardized, which in turn led to frequent tenancy disputes in rural areas and worse landlord-tenant relationship.In conclusion, farmland rent cut increased actual rent costs for tenants instead of benefiting them.

关 键 词：川西地区 农地减租 租佃制度 土地收益 

分 类 号：F321.1[经济管理—产业经济]