《海商法》下海难救助制度的架构完善  

Improving the System of Salvage at Sea under the Chinese Maritime Law

作　　者：初北平[1] Chu Beiping

机构地区：[1]大连海事大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2019年第3期39-53,共15页Global Law Review

摘　　要：最高人民法院于2016年提审的"加百利"案,其焦点在于《1989年国际救助公约》与我国《海商法》存在法律冲突以及我国《海商法》是否对固定费用的救助予以适用。其判决理由及所引发的海商法界对于我国《海商法》中海难救助制度的争论点,恰恰是修改之中的《海商法》"海难救助"章的修改问题导向。我国加入《救助公约》的主要理由有二:一是《救助公约》内容总体上对于发展我国救捞力量、参与国际救助市场竞争有利;二是《海商法》与《救助公约》的原则与内容基本一致。基于《救助公约》与《海商法》适用冲突的客观存在和《救助公约》的优先适用性,以及《救助公约》将较长时期保持有效,《海商法》的修改宜确立与《救助公约》保持一致的基本方向。鉴于《救助公约》不排除固定费用救助等自由约定的救助并能够适应海难救助、共同海损以及海上保险的实践需求,《海商法》构建的海难救助法律制度也不宜创设出固定费用救助这一独立的救助模式。In the case of M.V.“Archangelos Gabriel”,which was reviewed and heard before the Supreme People's Court in 2016,the key issues are the conflict of law between International Convention on Salvage 1989 (hereinafter the “Salvage Convention”) and the Chinese Maritime Law and the question of whether the Chinese Maritime Law is applicable to a pre-fixed tariff rates salvage.The reasoning in the judgment and the subsequent discussion on the salvage regulations in Chinese Maritime Law provide a problem-solving orientation for the revision of the chapter on the salvage at sea in the Law.There are two reasons for China's accession to the Salvage Convention: on one hand,the content of the Salvage Convention in general is conducive to the development of China's salvage and rescue ability and to China's participation in the competition in the international salvage market;on the other hand,the principles and content of the Salvage Convention are generally consistent with those of the Chinese Maritime Law.At present,conflicts exist between Chinese Maritime Law and Salvage Convention,in which case the Salvage Convention shall have the priority in application.Considering the presumption that the Salvage Convention will remain in force for a relatively long time in the foreseeable future,it is advisable that,in the revision of its Maritime Law,China should ensure the consistency of the law with the Salvage Convention.Since salvages conducted as per the parties' agreement,such as pre-fixed tariff rates salvage,are not definitely denied as salvage by the Salvage Convention itself and such kind of salvage can meet the practical demands of salvage at sea,general average,and marine insurance,it is not wise for China to create such an independent category of salvage as pre-fixed tariff rates salvage in Chinese Maritime Law,while the meaning of salvage at sea should nonetheless be clarified therein.

关 键 词：救助公约 海难救助 《海商法》修改 "加百利"案 

分 类 号：D922.294[政治法律—经济法学]