废奴前后巴西关于外来劳动力问题的争论  

The Debate on the Issue of Foreign Labor Before and After the Abolition of Slavery in Brazil

作　　者：杜娟[1] Du Juan

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院世界历史研究所

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2019年第2期111-132,157,158,共24页Journal of Latin American Studies

摘　　要：1850年奴隶贸易被禁止后,寻找新的劳动力来源成为巴西经济发展的头等大事。19世纪中后期,巴西数次引进大批华工的尝试几乎都陷于失败。原因在于:臭名昭著的“苦力贸易”引起了世界主要国家的抵制;晚清政府改变了之前对海外移民排斥、冷漠的态度,开始尝试控制和保护本国移民;与支持华工的势力相比,巴西国内反对引进华工的声音和力量更为强大。巴西的种植园主及其政治代理人、温和的废奴派基于其他国家输入华工促进经济繁荣的成功经验,认为华工具有廉价、顺从的优势,力主输入华工以填补巨大的劳动力缺口。而种族主义者、激进的废奴派和知识精英则鼓吹“黄祸论”,以华工会成为新的奴隶以及华工不易被同化为由进行反驳,同时在“白化”思想的影响下积极鼓励引进欧洲移民。在这场争论中,外来移民对于巴西而言不仅是经济符号,也是社会、文化和政治制度符号,争论归根到底是新旧两种社会力量之间的较量。After the slave trade was banned in 1850,finding new sources of labors became the top priority for Brazil ’ s economic development.In the mid - late 19th century,Brazil ’ s attempts to introduce Chinese labors in large scale almost failed.There are several reasons for this.First,the notorious “coolie trade” has aroused resistance from major countries in the world.Second,the late Qing government changed its attitude toward overseas emigrants from rejection and indifference to control and protection.Third,compared with the forces of supporting the introduction of Chinese labors in Brazil,the opposition forces were even stronger.Based on the successful experience of other countries in importing Chinese workers to promote economic growth,Brazilian planters and their political agents as well as moderate abolitionists believed that Chinese labors had the advantages of low cost and obedience,so they are committed to importing Chinese workers to fill the huge labor gap.However,racists,radical abolitionists and intellectual elites advocated the “Yellow Peril” theory,who believed that Chinese labors would become new slaves and are extremely difficult to assimilate,in the meantime they insisted on introducing European immigrants in the mind of “Whiteness”.Immigrants were not mere economic symbols,but also social,cultural and political symbols for Brazil in this debate.It reflected the struggle between the old and the new social forces.

关 键 词：巴西 废奴 咖啡经济 华工 欧洲移民 "白化"思想 

分 类 号：D756.1[政治法律—政治学]