卡尔·施米特论国际联盟与欧洲秩序的败坏——基于中国经验的反思性解读  

Carl Schmitt on the League of Nations and the Decay of the European Order:A Reflexive Reading Based upon Chinese Historical Experiences

作　　者：章永乐[1] Zhang Yongle(Law School,Peking University)

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《开放时代》2019年第3期126-148,M0005,M0006,共25页Open Times

摘　　要：卡尔·施米特对国际秩序的论述兼具支配者与被支配者的视角。一战之后,他以19世纪维也纳体系所代表的经典国际法体系为参照,对压迫德国的战后国际体系进行了持续的批判。在其笔下,以国际联盟为标志的凡尔赛-华盛顿体系在诸多方面背离了维也纳体系的基本原理,欧洲古典国际法的诸多原则被放弃,更重要的是列强之间就政治空间的划分严重缺乏共识。然而,从中国近代历史经验来看,正是西方列强“大国协调”的破裂,导致国际层面缺乏镇压非西方国家民族革命的统一力量,中国才获得了通过革命走向独立自主的历史时机。中国20世纪的革命战争并不符合施米特推崇的欧洲经典战争法,但启发了他二战之后关于“游击队理论”的思考。在当代语境下,对施米特国际秩序思考的反思性阅读,有助于中国更好地理解自身的历史处境,并在国际规则的制定中发挥更具建设性的作用。Carl Schmitt's analysis of the inter-state system is characterized by a double perspective of both the dominator and the dominated.After the First World War,Schmitt persistently criticized the post-war inter-state system against the background of the classical international law and the Vienna system.According to his judgment,the Versailles-Washington system,epitomized by the League of Nations,violated many fundamental principles of the Vienna system and abandoned various doctrines of the classical international law.The great powers failed to reach any stable political consensus on the spatial arrangement of Europe and the world.However,it could be argued that the decaying concert of great powers was conducive to China's revival in the 20th century.As the conflict between the great powers weakened the oppressive power structure,Chinese revolutionaries made breakthroughs in the weak link of the imperialist system.China's rich experience of guerrilla warfare,although at odds with the classical law of war that Schmitt venerated,greatly inspired Schmitt's postWorld WarⅡreflection on the"guerrilla theory".A reflexive reading of Schmitt's thought on the inter-state system could throw lights on China's own historical situation and her constructive role in the upcoming new international order.

关 键 词：国际体系 大国协调 均势 战争法 

分 类 号：D81[政治法律—国际关系]