满族辫发渊源考辨  

A historical study of the Manchu's braids

作　　者：李学成[1] 王焯[1] LI Xue-cheng;WANG Zhuo(Liaoning Academy of Social Sciences Office of Social Sciences Chronicles,Shenyang 110031,China)

机构地区：[1]辽宁社会科学院社会科学志办公室,辽宁沈阳110031

出　　处：《云南师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2019年第3期120-129,共10页Journal of Yunnan Normal University：Humanities and Social Sciences Edition

摘　　要：早在周朝时,就有满族祖先独特的"俗编发"和"楛矢石砮"的零星记载。为加强统治,女真人建立金国时在统治区强制推行辫发政策。到金朝的中后期,中原地区的女真、契丹、汉族人编发左衽已经成为一种共同的风俗。在民族大融合的背景下,女真人在服饰、姓氏、语言文字和音乐等方面也在逐步汉化。到元朝,他们同汉族人一样被称为汉人。十七世纪,清军入关后,清朝强制其他民族剃发,依从满族风俗。有清一代,在汉族审美观的影响下,满族的辫发也从"鼠尾"逐步发展到"猪尾""牛尾"。总之,满族祖先辫发演变、发展的过程也是中华民族大融合的过程,它促进了中华民族共同体的形成,值得进一步深入研究。As early as the Zhou dynasty, there were sporadic records of the Manchu unique "vulgar braided hair" and "bows and arrows". After the Nvzhens established the local regime, the Kingdom of Jin, they enforced a policy for following the style of the Nvzhen’s braid within the territory in order to strengthen the rule. In the middle and late periods of the Kingdom of Jin, it had become a common custom for the Nvzhen, Qidan and Han people in the Central Plains to wear braids leftwards. Against the background of the ethnic fusion in China, the Nvzhen people became gradually sinicized in dress, surname, language and music. By the Yuan dynasty, they were regarded as the Han people. In the seventeenth century, after the Qing army conquered the Central Plains, the Qing Imperial Court forced other ethnic groups to shave their hair into the Manchu style. Under the influence of the aesthetic criteria of the Han people, the braided hair of the Manchu gradually developed from "rat-tail style" via "pig-tail style" to "ox-tail style". Thus, the evolution of the Manchu ancestors’ braids mirrors the great ethnic fusion in China and the formation of the Chinese nation, which deserves further studies.

关 键 词：辫发 剃发 满族 

分 类 号：K892.23[历史地理—民俗学]