适宜氮磷钾用量和配比提高油用牡丹产量和出油量  

Appropriate N, P and K fertilizer rates and combination ratios to increase seed yield and oil production of oil tree peony

作　　者：魏双雨 李敏[2] 吉文丽 郭堤 张延龙 WEI Shuang-yu;LI Min;JI Wen-li;GUO Di;ZHANG Yan-long(College of Landscape Architecture and Arts,Northwest A & F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;Xinyang Normal University,Xinyang,Henan 464000,China;College of Resource and Environmental Science,Northwest A & F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学风景园林艺术学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]信阳师范学院,河南信阳464000 [3]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2019年第5期880-888,共9页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：林业公益性行业科研重大专项(201404701);杨凌示范区科技计划项目(2017NY-16)资助

摘　　要：【目的】油用牡丹是我国新兴的木本油料作物,但施肥不平衡严重制约油用牡丹的产量和品质。研究氮、磷、钾不同施肥量和配施比例对油用牡丹产量和出油量的影响,探明油用牡丹高产、优质的适宜氮、磷、钾施用量和配比,对提高油用牡丹的生产效率具有重要的现实意义。【方法】以五年生油用牡丹品种‘凤丹’为试验材料,采用“3414”不完全正交回归设计进行了大田试验。试验地常用施肥量为尿素750kg/hm^2、重过磷酸钙270kg/hm^2、硫酸钾600kg/hm^2。设氮、磷、钾4个施肥水平为0(不施肥)、1(常用量的一半)、2(常用施肥量)、3(常用量的1.5倍)。调查了‘凤丹’产量,分析了籽粒出油量。对‘凤丹’产量进行肥效模型拟合,得出最优经济效益的氮、磷、钾肥推荐施肥量。【结果】1)施用氮、磷、钾肥可改善‘凤丹’单株果荚数、单个果荚重量、果荚直径、百粒重等农艺性状,进而提高‘凤丹’产量;氮、磷、钾肥的施用使‘凤丹’分别增产283.7、276.8和150.6kg/hm^2,增产率分别为55.5%、50.3%和23.5%,增加纯收入分别为7310.4、7494.3和2118.9元/hm^2,农学效率分别为0.96、2.76和0.59kg/kg。2)施肥增产及对产量的贡献率均表现为N>P2O5>K2O,肥料农学效率和增收效果则表现为P2O5>N>K2O,但过量施用氮、磷、钾肥会使产量有所下降,且经济效益和肥料利用效率显著降低,氮、磷、钾肥增产和增收效果以及肥料贡献率均以推荐施肥水平处理的最高,农学效率均以1水平最高。3)施用氮、磷、钾肥通过影响出仁率和种仁含油率来影响产油量,最高出仁率可达65.0%,最高种仁含油率可达32.9%,较对照组分别增加13.0%、12.6%,氮、磷、钾均衡施肥产油量可高达193.3kg/hm^2,三因素对产油量影响大小顺序为N>P2O5>K2O。4)氮、磷、钾肥之间存在明显的交互作用,配合施用能提高肥效和促进‘凤丹’的产量和种仁�【Objectives】Oil tree peony is an emerging woody oil crop in China, but unbalanced fertilization has limited the seed yield and quality of oil tree peony severely. It is important to investigate the effect of fertilization on the seed yield and oil production of oil tree peony and to seek the optimum nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) application rates for its high seed yield and oil production.【Methods】In this study, five-year-old Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdan’ was used in a field experiment. The amount and proportion of N, P2O5 and K2O fertilizers were designed by “3414” incomplete orthogonal regression. The conventional fertilizer rates were urea 750 kg/hm^2, triple superphosphate 270 kg/hm^2 and potassium sulfate 600 kg/hm^2, and the four levels of N, P2O5 and K2O in the treatments included 0 (no fertilization), 1(half conventional), 2 (conventional) and 3 (1.5 folds of conventional). The seed yield and oil content were measured, and empirical models were established to achieve the optimum rate for fertilizer application.【Results】1) The application of N, P2O5 and K2O fertilizers improved the agronomic traits including the pods per plant, single fruit weight, fruit diameter and 100-seed weight, and the overall seed yield. Respective application of N, P2O5 and K2O fertilizer increased seed yield by 283.7, 276.8 and 150.6 kg/hm^2, or 55.5%, 50.3% and 23.5%. The corresponding increase of net income was 7310.4, 7494.3 and 2118.9 yuan/hm^2, respectively, and the agronomic efficiencies were 0.96, 2.76 and 0.59 kg/kg, respectively. 2) The effect of fertilizer on yield was N > P2O5 > K2O, while fertilizer agronomic efficiency and its improvement followed the order: P2O5 > N > K2O. Over-application of N, P2O5 and K2O fertilizer resulted in lower yield and significantly reduced economic efficiency and fertilizer utilization efficiency. The recommended amount of fertilizer treatment was found to be optimal. The maximum agrong efficiency was observed at “1”. 3) Application of N, P2O5 and K

关 键 词：油用牡丹 氮、磷、钾肥 肥料效应 出油量 最优施肥量 

分 类 号：S565.9[农业科学—作物学]