专利资源碎片化、反公地悲剧与政府治理  

Patent fragmentation, tragedy of anti-commons and government governance

作　　者：李方[1] 张胜[1] 黄欢[1] Li Fang;Zhang Sheng;Huang Huan(School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049 , Shaanxi, China)

机构地区：[1]西安交通大学公共政策与管理学院,陕西西安710049

出　　处：《科研管理》2019年第5期212-221,共10页Science Research Management

基　　金：陕西省软科学重点项目:"陕西省加快实施创新驱动发展战略政策研究"(2016KRZ003;2016.01-2017.06)

摘　　要：在专利资源碎片化的背景下,专利市场治理在专利成果转化、产业创新发展中的作用日益凸显。以美国航空产业专利市场治理案例为对象,通过博弈分析和案例论证,研究专利资源碎片化情境下的专利市场反公地悲剧及其政府治理机制。研究发现:专利资源碎片化导致专利市场交易成本负担过高,市场机制失效,出现专利市场反公地悲剧;政府通过强制交叉许可、价格管制等手段降低谈判成本、控制许可成本,促成专利池组建,有效治理专利市场失灵,避免反公地悲剧。Patent fragmentation, that is patent resources are owned by decentralized innovators, may lead to the tragedy of anti-commons in the patent market. In the field of high technology or emerging industries, the tragedy of anti-commons in the patent market means the failure of the transformation of major scientific and technological achievements or fail in the development of emerging industries, which seriously affect the public interests of the state and society. Therefore, under the background of patent fragmentation, patent market governance plays a more and more prominent role in the transformation of patent achievements and the innovative development of industry. Patent market failure is the core problem of scientific and technological governance research. Unlike the patent jungle, patent fragmentation emphasizes the dispersion of subjects of patents related to product technology from the perspective of achievement transformation, which leads to inadequate utilization of patents, that is, the tragedy of anti-commons in the patent market. Existing studies have recognized the tragedy of anti-commons in the patent market, and proposed governance mechanisms or measures from the market perspective, but neglected the government governance research on patent market failure caused by patent fragmentation.Construct a game model between multiple patentees and producers, and analyze the equilibrium of patent market. It is found that when considering transaction costs and patent structure, producers will choose tort production or non-production, and the patent market will fail. It means in the situation of patent fragmentation, even if all patentees are willing to license, the increasing frequency and cost of patent licensing transactions lead to the overburden of transaction costs in the patent market, which makes the patentee’s individual licensing and patent pool licensing both in a dilemma, market mechanisms such as cross licensing and patent pool will fail. Then, there has been a tragedy of anti-commons in the patent

关 键 词：专利资源碎片化 反公地悲剧 专利市场失灵 政府治理 专利池 

分 类 号：G306.0[文化科学]