公私混合背景下行政特许“受许人的对象人”宪法权利之保护  

The Protection of the Constitutional Rights of "the Counterpart of the Franchisee" in Administrative Franchise against the Background of Public-Private Mixture

作　　者：翟翌[1] Zhai Yi

机构地区：[1]重庆大学法学院

出　　处：《政治与法律》2019年第6期78-94,共17页Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“行政特许基础理论研究”(项目编号:18CFX023)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：现实中行政特许的“受许人的对象人(用户)”权益被受许人利用其有公法色彩的优势地位或特权侵犯后难以获充分救济的情况较常见。在作为行政主体利用受许人以私法手段完成行政任务的方式的行政特许中,行政权在幕后的较深影响意味着受许人经营特许事业的行为并非单纯私法行为,而是兼具浓厚的公法色彩,使受许人相对于作为用户的“受许人的对象人”处于强势地位。当“受许人的对象人”和受许人发生民事纠纷诉至法庭时,在公法因素导致的双方实质不平等状态下,由于我国公法私法的区分以及私法审查的局限性,司法机关简单运用普通民事法律权利、以形式平等为基础的民法规则、私法自治或传统意义上的民法基本原则等普通民事审判技术,均难以完满合理的保护“受许人的对象人”公私混合背景下的权益。与法律权利不同,宪法权利是与国家权力分配及运行结构相关的“结构性”权利。根据宪法权利的本质和政府行为理论,该情况下司法权结构上的部分失灵将可能导致“受许人的对象人”宪法权利被受许人侵犯。可采用宪法权利第三人效力理论相关的间接效力说,以公法因素更新后的民法基本原则为载体,注入相关宪法权利进行利益衡量及合宪解释,构建识别和救济“受许人的对象人”宪法权利的方案。应加强公私合作及公权力强力介入背景下相关弱势主体的实质保护。In reality, it is common that "the counterpart (users) of a franchisee" cannot obtain sufficient remedies after their rights and interests are infringed upon by such franchisee by taking advantage of its public law dominant position or privileges. Because the administrative franchise is a form by which the administrative authority uses franchisees to complete the administrative task through acts of the private law, the strong influence of the administrative power behind the scene of the administrative franchise means that the franchisee's operation of the franchise is not an pure act of private law, but also involving a strong hue of public law, which makes the franchisee a strong position compared with "the counterpart of the franchisee" as the users. When "the counterpart of the franchisee" and the franchisee have a civil dispute and come to the civil court, in the state of substantive inequality between the two parties caused by public law factors, because of the division between the public law and the private law in China, and due to the limitation of the review of private law, it is hard to comprehensively and reasonably protect the rights and interests of "the counterpart of the franchisee" against the background of public-private mixture for the civil judiciary to simply use ordinary civil trial skills such as ordinary civil law rights, civil rules based on formal equality, autonomy in private law and basic principles of civil law in the traditional sense, so the judicial power is partially dysfunctional. Unlike legal rights, constitutional rights are "structural" rights related to distribution and operational structure of state powers. According to the essence of constitutional rights and the theory of state action, the partial dysfunction in the structure of judicial power in such situation may lead to the infringement of constitutional rights of "the counterpart of the franchisee" by the franchisee. The scheme of identifying and rendering remedy to the constitutional rights of "the counterpart of the fr

关 键 词：行政特许 受许人 受许人的对象人 宪法权利 民法基本原则 

分 类 号：DF2[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]