从“政治共识”到“共识政治”:神圣罗马帝国《选举让步协议》的制度意涵及其宪法意义  

From “Political Consensus” to “Consensus Politics”:Institutional Implications and Constitutional Meanings of the Electoral Capitulations in Holy Roman Empire

作　　者：王银宏[1] WANG Yinhong

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法律史学研究院

出　　处：《学术月刊》2019年第5期102-111,共10页Academic Monthly

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目"纯粹法理论的实践性问题研究"(16CFX004)的阶段性成果;中国政法大学第五批青年教师学术创新团队(18CXTD10)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：由于1356年《金玺诏书》在德意志国王选举制度方面规定的"开放性",1519年的德意志国王选举吸引了众多参选者,选侯们针对最终的当选者——强大的卡尔五世达成了"政治共识",认为需要对帝国皇帝的权力予以明确和规制,要求当选者签署具有"政治契约"性质的《选举让步协议》,并宣誓予以遵守。此后,选侯们要求每一位当选的帝国皇帝都需签署《选举让步协议》。在1711年卡尔六世的选举之后,《选举让步协议》完成了从"政治共识"到"共识政治"的制度化转变,从具有一定"偶然性"的"政治契约"发展成内容较为完善的"帝国基本法",成为神圣罗马帝国宪法制度的重要方面。选侯们在理性商谈和利益妥协的基础上形成政治共识,在政治共识的基础上产生制度意识和权利自觉。《选举让步协议》不仅是"政治共识"的成果和"共识政治"的体现,同时也成为皇帝当选者统治的"合法性"基础。历史的发展赋予其"近代性"的宪法意义和制度意涵。As a result of the "openness"of the stipulation for the election of the Holy Roman Emperors,which was provided in Golden Bull of 1356, the election of the Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 attracted quite a few candidates. The powerful Karl Ⅴ. won the election finally. The Prince-electors reached a "political consensus" and believed that it was necessary to set and regulate the power of the powerful emperor. KarlⅤ. was required to sign the Electoral Capitulation and to make a solemn vow that the Electoral Capitulation will be observed. Hereafter, every newly-elected emperor had to sign an Electoral Capitulation. Since the election of Karl Ⅵ. in 1711, the Electoral Capitulation has transformed from " political consensus" to"consensus politics" and become "leges fundamentales"of the Holy Roman Empire from a political contract with "chanciness". On the basis of rational discussion and the compromise of interests, the Prince-electors reached the "political consensus", and on the basis of "political consensus", the Prince-electors had the regulatory awareness and rights consciousness. The Electoral Capitulations are not only the achievement of the "political consensus" but also the reflect of the "consensus politics" and the foundation of the legitimacy of the newly-elected emperor. In the process of the development of history, they have the meanings of"modern" constitutional significance and institutional implication.

关 键 词：神圣罗马帝国 德意志国王选举 《选举让步协议》 共识政治 “帝国基本法” 

分 类 号：P9[天文地球—自然地理学]