氮肥对室内和大田条件下作物秸秆分解和养分释放的影响  

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Crop Residue Decomposition and Nutrient Release Under Lab Incubation and Field Conditions

作　　者：张学林 周亚男 李晓立 侯小畔 安婷婷 王群 ZHANG XueLin;ZHOU YaNan;LI XiaoLi;HOU XiaoPan;AN TingTing;WANG Qun(Agronomy College,Henan Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/CollaborativeInnovation Center of Henan Grain Crops for 2011,Zhengzhou 450002)

机构地区：[1]河南农业大学农学院/省部共建小麦玉米作物学国家重点实验室/2011河南粮食作物协同创新中心,郑州450002

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2019年第10期1746-1760,共15页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：河南省高等学校重点科研项目(18A210019);国家重点研发计划课题(2018YFD0200605);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-19)

摘　　要：【目的】明确室内和大田条件下小麦和玉米秸秆分解和养分释放的影响因素,能够为作物秸秆合理还田及其养分管理提供理论依据。【方法】采用尼龙网袋法于室内培养和大田试验相结合研究氮肥用量(0,CK;180 kg N·hm^(-2),N180和360 kg N·hm^(-2),N360)作用下作物秸秆分解特征,其中室内主要研究氮肥用量和土壤类型(砂姜黑土和潮土)对小麦和玉米秸秆分解的影响;2015年6月至2016年6月冬小麦-夏玉米大田研究氮肥用量和秸秆还田深度(地表和20 cm)对小麦和玉米秸秆分解的影响。【结果】室内研究发现,秸秆类型和土壤类型显著影响秸秆分解常数、有机碳释放量、氮释放量和磷释放量。随氮肥用量增加,小麦秸秆分解常数在两种土壤类型上均呈增加趋势,玉米秸秆呈降低趋势;小麦和玉米秸秆氮释放量呈降低趋势(小麦秸秆在潮土上呈增加趋势)。小麦秸秆在潮土上的分解常数及其碳、氮、磷释放量均显著高于砂姜黑土,而土壤类型对玉米秸秆分解影响较小。室内相同培养条件下(180 d),小麦秸秆碳释放量均值为370 g·kg^(-1)、氮为4 g·kg^(-1)、磷为3.6 g·kg^(-1);玉米秸秆碳释放量为560 g·kg^(-1)、氮11 g·kg^(-1)、磷3.3 g·kg^(-1)。大田条件下,秸秆还田深度显著影响小麦和玉米秸秆分解常数及其碳、氮、磷释放量;其中秸秆还田20 cm处理的分解常数及其养分释放量均显著高于地表处理。随氮肥用量增加,地表处理小麦秸秆分解常数和全碳释放量逐渐降低,玉米秸秆呈增加趋势;20 cm处理小麦分解常数及其碳、氮和磷释放量均随氮肥用量呈增加趋势,而玉米秸秆呈降低趋势。地表处理小麦秸秆经过一个玉米生长季能分解40%,释放碳150 g·kg^(-1)、氮2 g·kg^(-1)、磷3.5 g·kg^(-1)左右;翻埋到地下20 cm可以分解80%,释放碳360 g·kg^(-1)、氮4 g·kg^(-1)、磷3.8 g·kg^(-1)。玉米秸秆还田到地表,经过一个小麦�[Objective] The study was carried out to investigate factors affecting the decomposition and nutrient release of wheat and maize residue under indoor and field conditions, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rational return of crop residue and its suitable nutrient management practices.[Method] We conducted indoor incubation experiment with nylon bag and field experiment to study residue decomposition characteristics of wheat and maize under various nitrogen (N) fertilizer dosages (0, CK;180 kg N·hm^-1, N180;360kg N·hm^-2, N360). In indoor environment, we focused on the effects of N dosage and soil types (Shajiang black soil: ST, Fluvo-aquic soil: FT), while in field condition, we emphasized on the effects of N dosages and burying depth (surface and 20 cm depth treatment) of the residue.[Result] Laboratory studies found that both residue types and soil types significantly affected residue decay constant, C, N, and P release. With the increasing of N application rate, the decay constant of wheat residue increased in both soil types, while the maize residue decreased. The N releases of maize and wheat residue decreased (the wheat residue increased in FT soil). The decay constant of wheat residue of the FT soil and the release of C, N, and P were significantly higher than those of the ST soil, while the soil types had little effect on the decomposition of maize residue. Under the lab incubation condition (180d), the average C releases of wheat residue were 370g·kg^-1, N was 4g·kg^-1, and P was 3.6g·kg^-1;maize residue C release was 560 g·kg^-1, N was 11g·kg^-1, and P was 3.3g·kg^-1. Under field condition, the depth of residue returning significantly affected the decay constants of wheat and maize residue and the release of C, N and P. The decay constant and nutrient releases of residues treated with 20 cm were significantly higher than that of surface treatment. For surface treatment, the decay constant and C release of wheat residue declined gradually with the increase of N fertilizer application r

关 键 词：作物秸秆 秸秆分解常数 氮肥管理 砂姜黑土 潮土 

分 类 号：S141.4[农业科学—肥料学]