脊髓灰质炎免疫策略进展及疫苗供应现状  

Advances in poliomyelitis immunization strategies and vaccine supply

作　　者：傅宇婷 刘小畅 赵婷[1] 杨净思 FU Yu-ting;LIU Xiao-chang;ZHAO Ting;YANG Jing-si(Institute of Medical Biology,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking UnionMedical College,Kunming 650000,Yunnan Province,China)

机构地区：[1]北京协和医学院中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所,云南昆明650000

出　　处：《中国生物制品学杂志》2019年第5期584-588,593,共6页Chinese Journal of Biologicals

基　　金：国家"重大新药创制"科技重大专项课题(2015ZX0910-1031);云南省"重点研发计划-重点新产品开发专项(社会发展)"科技计划项目(2016BC002)

摘　　要：脊髓灰质炎(简称脊灰,poliomyelitis)是由脊灰病毒引起的急性肠道传染病,严重危害人类健康和社会经济发展。1988年,全球消灭脊灰倡议行动启动以来,全球脊灰病例减少了99%以上。近年来野生型脊灰病毒(wild poliovirus,WPV)的流行呈降低趋势,而一些使用口服脊灰减毒活疫苗(oral live attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine,OPV)的国家正面临疫苗衍生脊灰病毒的风险。因此,世界卫生组织(WHO)调整了脊灰免疫策略,要求所有目前接种OPV的国家,在免疫程序中至少增加1剂脊灰灭活疫苗(inactivated poliovirus vaccine,IPV)。IPV能避免OPV使用过程中的疫苗相关脊灰型麻痹(vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis,VAPP)、疫苗衍生脊灰病毒(vaccine-derived poliovirus,VDPV)和疫苗重组脊灰病毒(vaccine recombinant poliomyelitis virus,VRPV)的发生。WHO要求使用IPV和二价脊灰减毒活疫苗(bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine,bOPV)序贯免疫程序替代三价脊灰减毒活疫苗(trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine,t OPV),逐步实现全程接种IPV。Poliomyelitis is an acute intestinal infectious disease caused by poliovirus,which seriously harm to human health and economic development. Since the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was launched in 1988,the number of worldwide polio cases has decreased by more than 99 %. In recent years,the popularity of wild poliovirus(WPV)showed a trend of decrease. However,some countries in which oral live attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine(OPV)is used are facing the risk of vaccine-derived poliovirus(VDPV). For this reason,the World Health Organization(WHO)has adjusted the polio immunization strategy,in which all the countries using OPV at present are required to add at least one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine(IPV)in their immunization schedules. IPV can avoid the appearances of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis(VAPP),vaccine-derived poliovirus(VDPV)and vaccine recombinant poliovirus(VRPV)during the application of OPV. WHO recommended to use the sequential immunization with IPV and bivalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine(bOPV)instead of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine(t OPV)and gradually achieve the goal of complete course of immunization with IPV.

关 键 词：脊髓灰质炎 口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗 脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗 免疫策略 

分 类 号：R186[医药卫生—流行病学]