棉花细胞质雄性不育的研究与利用  

Overview of the Study and Application of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Cotton

作　　者：王学德[1] WANG XueDe(College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学农业与生物技术学院,杭州310058

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2019年第8期1341-1354,共14页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31671763和31471567);浙江省科技计划(2017C32077)

摘　　要：棉花具有十分明显的杂种优势。杂交棉通常比常规棉增产15%左右,而且在纤维品质、抗病、抗虫、抗逆境和光合效率等性状上也有明显改良。在棉花杂种优势的利用中,最重要的环节之一是杂交种子的生产(制种)。目前,杂交棉制种常有四条途径,人工去雄授粉法制种、化学杀雄法制种、利用核雄性不育的"两系法"制种和利用细胞质雄性不育的"三系法"制种。生产实践表明,利用棉花雄性不育既可简化制种又可节省成本,特别是利用棉花细胞质雄性不育系、保持系和恢复系的"三系法"制种,可较有效克服其他制种方法的一些缺点,是最有效的途径。为此,文章在阐述棉花杂种优势利用途径的基础上,重点综述棉花细胞质雄性不育的遗传学、细胞学和生理生化的特点;深入阐述不育细胞质对杂种F_1的正/负效应,并就如何培育强恢复系的问题,以培育转GST的强恢复系为例,探讨克服不育细胞质对杂种F_1负效应的可能机制;根据棉花为常异花授粉作物和花器具有虫媒花特征的特点,详细介绍三系杂交棉制种的亲本(不育系和恢复系)选配、地点选择和环境优化等条件,以及如何综合优化这些条件提高制种产量的关键技术。利用棉花细胞质雄性不育的"三系法"制种,与其他作物比较,在杂种优势利用中具有4个突出的优点:(1)不育系为无花粉不育类型,育性不受气候等环境的影响,可保证杂种的纯度;(2)棉花开花期长达3个月,不存在制种时花期不遇的现象,制种产量有保证;(3)棉花生态适应性广,育成的组合可在各地种植,种子产业化效益明显;(4)可利用种间(海岛棉与陆地棉间)杂种优势。可以预言,基于细胞质雄性不育的三系杂交棉是大有前途的,将是棉花杂种优势利用的主要途径。最后,就本领域的发展趋势,特别是在利用现代生物技术培育新的不育系和恢复系方面进行了初步探讨。Cotton has significant heterosis. Hybrid cotton usually can increase production in lint yield by about 15% compared with conventional self-pollinated cultivars, and also can get obvious improvement in fiber quality, disease resistance, insect resistance, adversity resistance and photosynthetic efficiency. Among some links of cotton heterosis use, the most important link is the castration in the production of hybrid seeds. At present, there are four ways for the castration, such as hand emasculation, chemical male gametocide, nuclear male sterility and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). The production practice showed that use of cotton male sterility could not only simplify the hybrid seed production but also save the production cost on a commercial economic scale. In particular, the way of hybrid seed production by use of cotton CMS line, maintainer line and restorer line were the most effective way since it could overcome some disadvantages in the other ways. Therefore, in this paper, the study and application of the cotton CMS system in hybrid seed production were overviewed and some of problems currently limiting application were also addressed. At first, the genetic, cytological and biochemical characteristics of the cotton CMS were reviewed. Secondly, the positive/negative effects of sterile cytoplasm in hybrid F1 were analyzed, and how to overcome these negative effects, such as pollen temperature sensitive and F1 not expressing complete fertility, by developing strong restorer lines with a stronger ability for F1 fertility restoration, was discussed in detail. For an example, transgenic strong restorer line could be developed by introducing the exogenous GST gene, which was assumed to have the function of enhancing pollen vitality, into some conventional restorer lines, and so that hybrids with higher heterosis could be produced by crossing this strong restorer with sterile lines. According to the characteristics of cotton as an often cross-pollination crop, this paper recommended in detail the key techniqu

关 键 词：棉花 细胞质雄性不育 杂种优势 

分 类 号：S562[农业科学—作物学]