美国专利主体制度的现代化变革——基于国际化、合作化、虚拟化的三维视角  

On Modernization of the System of the Patent Subject in the U.S.——Based on a Three-Dimensional Perspective of Internationalization, Cooperation and Virtualization

作　　者：付丽霞[1] FU Lixia(Center for Studies of Intellectual Property Rights, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073)

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学知识产权研究中心

出　　处：《中国发明与专利》2019年第6期16-21,共6页China Invention & Patent

基　　金：德国马克斯·普朗克创新与竞争研究所访问学者计划(2018—2019);国家教育部与国家外国专家局“高等学校学科创新引智计划”(B18058)

摘　　要：美国专利制度的现代化发展历程,呈现出国际化、合作化、虚拟化三个维度的制度变革。主体国际化层面,美国专利法所保护的对象由国内主体向外国主体演进的同时,美国专利法中相关主体规则也不断向国际规则靠拢。主体合作化层面,美国专利法所保护的对象由个人主体向法人或者团体组织主体演进,并通过发明预先转让协议实现职务发明权属由雇员向雇主的移转。主体虚拟化层面,美国专利法所保护的对象由现实主体向虚拟主体演进,引发了美国学者们关于机器人作为发明人的激烈讨论。我国专利主体制度的现代化变革也遵循了国际化、合作化、虚拟化的发展路径,因而,在制度运行中,我国应通过国际保护规则的合理构建、职务发明权属约定范畴的有序扩大、人工智能法律主体资格的适时认可,推进专利主体制度的国际化、合作化、虚拟化三个维度的发展与变革。There exists a three-dimensional reform of internationalization, cooperation and virtualization in the modern development of the patent system in the United States. The subjects protected by the patent law turn form domestic people to foreign ones at the international level, and the relevant regulations keep pace with international rules at the same time. The subjects protected by the patent law turn form individuals to legal persons or group organizations at the cooperative level, and the ownership of employee inventions turns from employees to employers by signing the pre-invention assignment agreements. The subjects protected by the patent law turn form real ones to the virtual ones, which arouse heated discussions about whether robots can act as inventors among U.S. scholars. The modernization of China's patent subject system also follows the development path of internationalization, cooperation and virtualization. Therefore, China should push the development and revolution of the system of the patent subject by establishing international protection rules reasonably, expanding the scope of determining ownership of employee inventions by contracts orderly and recognizing of the qualification of legal subject for artificial intelligence timely in the operation of patent system.

关 键 词：美国专利法 专利主体 国际化 合作化 虚拟化 

分 类 号：D923.42[政治法律—民商法学]