The earliest Timematids in Burmese amber reveal diverse tarsal pads of stick insects in the mid-Cretaceous  

作　　者：Sha Chen Shi-Wo Deng Chungkun Shih Wei-Wei Zhang Peng Zhang Dong Ren Yi-Ning Zhu Tai-Ping Gao 

机构地区：[1]College of Life Sciences,Capital Normal University,Beijing,China [2]School of Mathematical Sciences,Ca/Dital Normal University,Beijing,China [3]Department of Paleobiology,National Museum of Natural History,Smithsonian Institution,Washington,DC,USA [4]PO Box 4680,Chongqing,China

出　　处：《Insect Science》2019年第5期945-957,共13页昆虫科学（英文版）

基　　金：the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.31730087,41688103 and 31672323);the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(IRT-17R75);Support Project of High-level Teachers in Beijing Municipal Universities in the Period of 13th Five-year Plan(grant no.IDHT20180518);T.P.G.was supported by the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST(YESS);Beijing Natural Science Foundation(grant no.5182004);Youth Innovative Research Team of Capital Normal University.

摘　　要：Many extant insects have developed pad structures, euplantulae or arolia on their tarsi to increase friction or enhance adhesion for better mobility. Many polyneopteran insects with euplantulae, for example, Grylloblattodea, Mantophasmatodea and Orthoptera, have been described from the Mesozoic. However, the origin and evolution of stick insects' euplantulae are poorly understood due to rare fossil records. Here, we report the earliest fossil records of Timematodea hitherto, Tumefactipes prolongates gen. et sp. nov. and Granosicorpes Urates gen. et sp. nov., based on three specimens from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Specimens of Tumefactipes prolongates gen. et sp. nov. have extremely specialized and expanded euplantulae on their tarsomere II. These new findings are the first known and the earliest fossil records about euplantula structure within Phasmatodea, demonstrating the diversity of euplantulae in Polyneoptera during the Mesozoic. Such tarsal pads might have increased friction and helped these mid-Cretaceous stick insects to climb more firmly on various surfaces, such as broad leaves, wetted tree branches or ground. These specimens provide more morphological data for us to understand the relationships of Timematodea, Euphasmatodea, Orthoptera and Embioptera, suggesting that Timematodea might be monophyletic with Euphasmatodea rather than Embioptera and Phasmatodea should have a closer relationship with Orthoptera rather than Embioptera.

关 键 词：euplantula Myanmar Polyneoptera STICK INSECTS survival strategy Timematodea 

分 类 号：Q[生物学]