畜禽草耦合模式探索——牧鸡对退化草地植物物种多样性的影响  

Exploration of livestock-poultry-grassland systems: The influences of chicken farming on plant community in degraded grasslands

作　　者：苏华[1] 苏本营 许宏[1] 张秀杰[1] 李永庚[1] SU Hua;SU Ben Ying;XU Hong;ZHANG XiuJie;LI YongGeng(tate Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change,Institute of Botany,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100093,China;The Science and Technology of Ecology Restoration State Comprehensive Model Bases of Beijing Mentougou District,Beijing 102300,China)

机构地区：[1]植被与环境变化国家重点实验室,中国科学院植物研究所,北京100093 [2]北京市门头沟区国家生态修复科技综合示范基地,北京102300

出　　处：《中国科学：生命科学》2019年第6期761-772,共12页Scientia Sinica(Vitae)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(批准号:31770577,31400338);国家重点研发计划(编号:2016YFC0500708)资助

摘　　要：将牧鸡引入草地畜牧业形成畜禽草耦合新型草地利用方式,能够促进退化草地生态和生产功能的双提升.但牧鸡对退化草地物种多样性有何影响尚不清楚.为探明牧鸡对退化草地植物群落的影响,本研究在浑善达克沙地开展了退化草地典型植物饲喂鸡实验和牧鸡控制实验.通过选取10种典型代表植物对鸡进行饲喂实验发现,鸡对藜科植物(如灰绿藜)的喜食度较高,其次喜食豆科(如花苜蓿和斜茎黄耆)和菊科植物(如蒲公英),不喜食禾本科植物.鸡对草地植物的喜食度与其粗纤维含量显著负相关,与其粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量显著正相关.鸡对草地植物的采食量极低,日采食量在3~9 g干物质之间,约占日总采食量的4%~11%.通过对比牧鸡(MJ)和不放牧(CK)实验区的植物群落特征,发现MJ对退化草地物种多样性无显著影响,植物群落的物种丰富度维持在10种左右,MJ的多样性指数和均匀度指数分别维持在1.5左右和0.7左右;MJ显著降低植物群落高度,实验第二年和第三年MJ的群落高度分别比CK降低了19.1%和27.2%;但MJ显著提高了植物群落的净初级生产力(NPP),实验第三年MJ的NPP达到464.3 g m-2yr-1,是CK的1.7倍;MJ的植被盖度在第三年也达到74.3%,是CK的1.5倍.因此,将牧鸡引入传统草地畜牧业形成畜禽草耦合模式不会对物种多样性带来负面影响.但在实际生产中应注意牧鸡方法,持续关注牧鸡对物种多样性的影响及其可能引发的级联反应.Livestock-poultry-grassland(LPG),a novel land use that couples chicken farming and livestock grazing in the grasslands of northern China,has great potential in improving both ecological and productive functions of degraded grasslands.However,previous studies have mainly focused on the influences of chicken farming on grassland production and herder income while ignoring their influences on species diversity.We carried out two experiments to clarify how chicken farming influences the plant communities in degraded grasslands.First,we selected 10 typical plants for a chicken feeding experiment,and results showed that plants in the Chenopodiaceae family,such as Chenopodium glaucum,were the favorite forage,followed by plants in the Leguminosae family,such as Medicago ruthenica and Astragalus adsurgens,and plants in the Compositae family,such as Taraxacum mongolicum.Plants in Gramineae family were rarely consumed.When chickens were farmed in grasslands,their total intake amount was significantly negatively correlated with plant crude fiber content and was significantly positively correlated with both plant crude fat and crude protein contents.Chickens consumed plants in very low amounts,typically between 3–9 g dry matter per chicken per day,accounting for 4%–11%of the total food intake.In the second experiment,we compared chicken farming(MJ)with zero grazing(CK)in degraded grasslands over 3 years,and results showed that species richness did not significantly differ between treatments or years.There were around 10 species in the plant communities of both MJ and CK during the 3-year period.The Shannon Wiener diversity and evenness indexes of the plant community were maintained at approximately 1.5 and 0.7,respectively.In MJ,plant height in the community was significantly reduced.In the second and third years,compared to CK,the plant height in MJ decreased by 19.1%and27.2%,respectively.However,in MJ,the net primary production improved,reaching 464.3 g m-2 yr-1 in the third year,1.7 times that in CK.Vegetation cover in

关 键 词：畜禽草耦合 牧鸡 退化草地 采食量 物种多样性 净初级生产力 

分 类 号：S812[农业科学—草业科学]