离子型稀土开发面临的问题与绿色提取研究进展  

Problems facing ion adsorption type rare earth exploitation and research progresses on green extraction

作　　者：郭钟群[1] 赵奎 金解放[1] 袁伟[1] 梁晨[1] GUO Zhongqun;ZHAO Kui;JIN Jiefang;YUAN Wei;LIANG Chen(School of Architectural and Surveying & Mapping Engineering ,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology,Ganzhou 341000,China;Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Mining Engineering,Ganzhou 341000,Jiangxi,China)

机构地区：[1]江西理工大学建筑与测绘工程学院,江西赣州341000 [2]江西省矿业工程重点实验室,江西赣州341000

出　　处：《化工进展》2019年第7期3425-3433,共9页Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(51764014);江西省教育厅科技项目(GJJ180457);江西理工大学优秀博士学位论文培育项目(YB2017002)

摘　　要：离子型稀土开采先后经历了池浸、堆浸和原地浸矿,目前主要采用硫酸铵原地浸出、碳酸氢铵沉淀的工艺提取稀土,这种方式具有工艺简单、生产成本低的优点,但存在土壤盐碱化、氨氮超标、植被破坏、水土流失等环境污染问题,严重制约生态的可持续发展。本文介绍了离子型稀土开采涉及的环保政策,分析了原地浸矿收液的多种不确定性因素,以致稀土资源利用率低,一般在50%~75%,阐述了浸矿过程中布设注液井网造成地表植被破坏、注液过度饱和引起山体滑坡以及水土中氨氮超标等“三废”问题。综述了离子型稀土新型浸矿剂、原地浸矿人工防渗技术、原矿浸萃一体化工艺、矿山修复新工艺等绿色开发技术研究进展。分析表明,突破离子型稀土开发中环境污染的瓶颈,须进一步改变提取工艺、改进生产装备,并提出了离子型稀土绿色提取与环境保护的发展方向。Ion adsorption rare earths mining has experienced pool leaching,heap leaching and in situ leaching processes.Nowadays,rare earth is recovered by leaching process with (NH4)2SO4 solution in industry,and enriched by precipitating with NH4HCO3.This method has the advantages of simple process and low production cost.But the environmental problems such as soil salinization,ammonia nitrogen pollution,surface vegetation destruction and soil erosion are often accompanied,which seriously restrict the sustainable development of the ecological environment.In this paper,the environmental protection policies about ionic rare earth mining were introduced,and the reasons for the low utilization rate of rare earth resources (generally 50%-75%) were analyzed,mainly because of the uncertainty of liquid recovery project.In the leaching process,the destruction of vegetation on the surface caused by the arrangement of injection well pattern,the landslide caused by excessive saturation of injection,the problems of three wastes such as the excessive ammonia and nitrogen in soil and water,were expounded.The new methods and theories of in-situ leaching of ion adsorption rare earth ores,the new technology of ion adsorption rare earth ore leaching extraction integration,and the new technology of mine restoration were described.The analysis showed that to break through the environmental bottleneck of the development of ionic rare earth,it is necessary to further change the extraction process and improve the production preparation.Moreover,the development directions of green extraction process have been proposed.

关 键 词：离子型稀土 浸取剂 氨氮污染 绿色提取 

分 类 号：TD983[矿业工程—选矿] TD955