“才VP”句与“就VP了”句的语法特性、时间指称以及句法结构分析  

The Analyses of the Grammatical Properties, Temporal References and Syntactic Structures of Cai-VP Sentences and Jiu-VP-le Sentences

作　　者：陆志军[1] 温宾利[2] LU Zhijun;WEN Binli(School of Foreign Languages,Guangdong University of Technology,Guangdong 510006)

机构地区：[1]广东工业大学外国语学院,广东510006 [2]广东外语外贸大学英文学院,广东510420

出　　处：《当代语言学》2019年第3期400-417,共18页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“生成语法的汉语研究与新时代汉语语法理论创新”(项目编号:18ZDA291)的资助

摘　　要：在语法特性方面,“才VP”句与“就VP了”句表现出“才/就”对情状类型以及体标记的不同选择条件。在时间指称方面,“才VP”句与“就VP了”句表现出它们所指称的事件时间EV-T与断言时间AST-T之间的不同排序关系。“才”所指称的事件时间EV-T(即实际终止点)迟于断言时间AST-T(即预设终止点)。“才”作为表示过去时态意义的时间副词,激活的是一个具有最下限的负向极差,能够独立为过去事件确定最下限极点,从而独立地体现句子的时间意义。“就”所指称的事件时间EV-T早于断言时间AST-T。“就”作为表示已然体意义的时间副词,激活的是一个没有最上限的正向极差,只能借助句尾“了”才能为过去事件确定最上限极点,从而共同体现句子的时间意义。在句法结构方面,“才VP”句与“就VP了”句表现出“才/就”的不同语法地位及其句式的不同句法推导机制。“才”是处于[Spec, v P]的焦点助词,句尾Asp上带有[-D]特征的空体标记Φ与“才”所成分统制的静态轻动词 slv (和 dlv )进行“体呼应”操作,使得“才VP”句能够指涉事件实现后的结果状态。“就”是处于[Spec, AspP]的体助词,句尾Asp上带有[+D]特征的起始体标记“了”与“就”所成分统制的动态轻动词 dlv (和 slv )进行“体呼应”操作,使得“就VP了”句能够指涉事件实现后的起始体意义。This paper investigates the grammatical properties, temporal references and syntactic structures of Chinese “ cai-VP” sentences and “ jiu-VP-le ” sentences. First, in terms of grammatical properties,“ cai-VP” sentences and “ jiu-VP-le ” sentences show that cai and jiu have different selectional constraints on situation types and aspect markers. Second, regarding temporal references,“ cai-VP” sentences and “ jiu-VP-le ” sentences exhibit different sequences between the EV-T time and the AST-T time. Cai s EV-T time (the exact final endpoint) is later than the AST-T time (the expected final endpoint). As a temporal adverb with the past tense meaning, cai activates a downward scale with the lowest limit, which can independently set the lowest limit for the past event and express the sentential temporal meaning. Jiu s EV-T time is earlier than the AST-T time. As a temporal adverb with the perfect aspect meaning, jiu activates an upward scale with no highest limit, and can only rely on the sentence-final inchoative aspect marker-le to set the highest limit for the past event, together expressing the sentential temporal meaning. Third, as for syntactic structures, cai and jiu in “ cai-VP” sentences and “ jiu-VP-le ” sentences have different syntactic positions and different derivational mechanisms of their sentences.“ Cai-VP” sentences and “ jiu-VP-le ” sentences can be syntactically derived according to Shen s (2004) light v theory and the “aspectual agreement” operation. Cai is a focus adverb in [Spec, v P]. The sentential-final null aspect marker Φ with the feature [-D] undergoes the aspectual agreement with the static light verb slv that cai c-commands, enabling “ cai-VP” sentences to denote the result state of realized events. Cai resorts to slv (and dlv ) to supply the event-realizing property for its c-commanded predicate. Jiu is a temporal particle in [Spec, AspP]. The sentential-final aspect marker le with the feature [+D] undergoes the aspectual agreement with t

关 键 词：才/就 句尾“了” 语法特性 时间指称 句法结构 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]