论波利比乌斯“普世史”的真实观——从亚里士多德《诗学》说起  

On the Authenticity Concept of Polybius in “the Universal History”: Retrospection from Aristotle’s Poetics

作　　者：王羽飞 WANG Yufei(School of History and Cultural Industry, Jinan University, Jinan 250022, China)

机构地区：[1]济南大学历史与文化产业学院

出　　处：《北京师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2019年第4期84-92,共9页Journal of Beijing Normal University(Social Sciences)

摘　　要：古希腊哲学家亚里士多德在《诗学》①中指出,由于历史现象中因果关系的混乱,常见的历史无法记载一个完整的行动,而悲剧作家可以虚构出一个有明确起始、中段和结尾的行动,反映可能或必然的原则,因此,悲剧比历史更具哲理也更有价值。波利比乌斯对亚里士多德的观点采取既批判又继承的态度,他认为自己所处的时代具有历史的必然趋势,因而他可以写作一部有始有终、内部因果关系明确的"普世史"②。同时,波利比乌斯指出史家不应像悲剧作家那样虚构情节,而要如实记录史事。不过,身处某种文化和学术传统,潜移默化地受到熏陶和影响而不自知,这是常有的事。波利比乌斯主张避免悲剧的"虚构"手法,可在写作"普世史"时仍然使用了与悲剧相同的虚构手法,就是这种情况。不过尽管如此,他还是坚定地认为,还原现实且追求必然性的"普世史"比"摹仿"现实且追求可能性或必然性的"悲剧"更加高级,这就是他的"普世史"中所蕴含的真实观。In the Poetics, Aristotle pointed out that ordinary history record couldn't reveal a complete action, due to the chaos of causality in historical phenomena. However, tragedy writers could invent a whole action including the beginning, middle and end to reflect some possibility or necessity. From this perspective, tragedy seems to be more serious and valuable resources than historical records. Polybius adopted a critical and inherited attitude to Aristotle's view, and he believed that an inevitable historical trend existed in his own era, so he wrote about "universal history" involving the whole action from beginning to end, and illustrating everything in clear causal relationship. In the meantime, Polybius insisted that historian should record events truthfully, rather than fabricating plots like tragedy writers. Due to the limitations of the individual and the times, Polybius had no awareness of the influence from cultural and academic tradition on himself, and relied on "fictional" devices to finish his "universal history". However, he firmly held that the "universal history" pursuing the authenticity and inevitability was superior to tragedy, which imitates reality and reflects some possibility or necessity. The authenticity is the core concept in his "universal history".

关 键 词：普世史 《诗学》 真实性 

分 类 号：K092[历史地理—历史学]