社会转型视角下的生育转变与生育政策应对——从子孙后代的“私人产品”属性到“准公共产品”的经济社会学反思  

Fertility Transformation and Fertility Policy Response from the Perspective of Social Transformation :Economic and Sociological Reflections from the“Private Product”to“Quasi-public Products”Attribution

作　　者：苗国[1] 陈友华[1] MIAO Guo;CHENG You-hua(School of Social and Behavioral Sciences,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210046, China)

机构地区：[1]南京大学社会学院

出　　处：《人口与发展》2019年第4期117-128,共12页Population and Development

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“人口转变视角下教育结构失衡与大学生就业难问题研究”(课题编号:14CRK017);江苏省社会科学院“社会学重点学科”;国家社会科学基金重大项目《实现积极老龄化的公共政策及其机制研究》(项目批准号为17ZDA120);广东省哲学社会科学“十三五”规划项目“超大间隔生育的形成与影响研究”(项目批准号:GD18CSH05)的阶段性研究成果

摘　　要：人类社会普遍出现的低生育水平现象是"现代性"入侵,也是子孙后代从"准私人产品"走向"准公共产品"的必然结果。人类自然繁育激励机制遭到"现代性"破坏是出现低生育现象的根源。借助社会转型背景下的"个体化"与"脆弱性"概念,分析东亚"低欲望社会"与西方"单身主义"表征背后,现代化社会转型对人类生育行为的抑制作用。人为建构的"现代性"让"生育成本走高、收益走低","抑制-替代"作用上升、激励不足严重抑制自然状态下的生育行为。西方凯恩斯主义式的"生育政策刺激",或者"福利型"溺爱不仅很难保证生育率恢复正常,反而人为降低了"自然生育意愿",并干扰了社会成员的理性判断与未来预期。长期来看,维持人类社会生育水平在"更替水平"附近,主要依赖于人口再生产的"自发、自然市场机制":生育文化重建、婚姻宽容、生育选择自由与育儿成本下降。中国生育政策如照搬西方模式,其基本思路存在路径偏差,从政策执行效果来看,与政策预期也有较大距离,需要进一步调整与完善。The phenomenon of low fertility which is common in modern society is the invasion result of"modernity"and the inevitable consequence of the descendants of children moving from"private commodities"to"quasi-public products".With the concept of"individualization"and"vulnerability"in the context of"social transformation",this paper analyzes the representation of East Asia's"low desire society"and Western"singleism",and explores the law of population system: suppressing the increase of substitution effect and insufficient incentive mechanism to seriously inhibit the reproductive behavior in the natural state. The"modernity"of human nature breeding incentives is the root mechanismof the low fertility phenomenon. Keynesian"policy stimulation"or"welfareintervene"is not only difficult to guarantee that the"fertility rate"returns to normal,but"man-made"policyreduces the"natural fertility willingness"and interferes with the"rational judgment"and"future expectations"of members of society. In the long run,maintaining the fertility level of human society in the vicinity of"replacement level"mainly depends on the"spontaneous and natural market mechanism"of population reproduction-more freedom of birth selection,marriage tolerance,market-oriented organization,lowering childcare costs and birth culture reconstruction. If China's current fertility policy is copied from the Western model,its basic thinking has a path bias,stray from policy expectations and needs further adjustment and improvement.

关 键 词：社会转型 生育转变 商品到公共产品 生育政策 

分 类 号：C92-05[社会学—人口学]