从“籍民入所”到“以舟系人”:明清华南沿海渔民管理机制的演变  

FromJimin Rusuo (籍民入所) to Yizhou Xiren (以舟系人):Evolution of the Mechanisms for Managing Fishermen along the South China Coast during the Ming and Qing

作　　者：杨培娜[1] Yang Peina

机构地区：[1]中山大学历史学系

出　　处：《历史研究》2019年第3期23-40,189,共19页Historical Research

基　　金：全国百篇优秀博士论文专项项目“明清东南海洋经略与海疆社会”(201211);教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“古代环南海开发与地域社会变迁研究”(16JZD034)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：明初至清中叶,国家管理沿海渔民的方式从移植针对内地定居农民的户籍身份管理,转变为根据濒海人群生计特质,通过船只来掌控流动的人。明初设河泊所登记渔民并征收渔课。地方官府为解决亏欠问题,默许濒海豪强以承揽渔课为条件圈占海界,构成晚明华南沿海军事化的基础之一。为应对寇盗、取消包纳且有效征收,闽粤官员探索出围绕濒海人群流动性的凭借——船只进行管控的新方法,如以船只或港澳为中心编制保甲、对渔船课税。清廷继承“以港澳控制船只,以船只约束渔民”的思路,完善樑头制度以实现治安和征税。局势趋稳后,则侧重点从治安向税收转移。以舟系人与滩涂经界相结合,构成清朝对濒海人群和海洋管理的基本策略,建构了18世纪以降沿海社会秩序。From the mid-14th century to the 18th century, the state’s administrative management of fishermen in China changed from being a duplicate of the household registration of settled peasant populations in the hinterland to controlling the floating fishermen through a boat-based system. In the early Ming, the hepo suo (河泊所) or river mooring stations were set up to register fishermen and collect a tax on fishing. Local bureaucrats acquiesced in allowing local despots to enclose marine areas on the basis of tax farming, a practice that constituted the social basis of local militarization in southeast China. To combat piracy, eliminate bribery and facilitate tax collection, from the mid-sixteenth century officials in Fujian and Guangdong developed the harbor-based method of registering fishing boats or coastal people in order to guarantee coastal peace, and also invented the new method of levying a tax on boats to cover the deficit and raise military expenditure. The two methods, which worked because they seized the key to the fishermen’s mobility, their fishing boats, were further systematized by the Qing governors. The idea of controlling the fishermen through their boats and then controlling the boats through their harbors led to more specific administration which focused on the beam of the boat ( liangtou 樑头). This approach had the joint aims of achieving security and collecting taxes. Once the security situation had stabilized, restrictions on the shape and structure of boats were eased, and the administrative system turned from policing to tax collection. These policies of yizhou xiren (以舟系人, literally, tie the people by their boats) and tantu jingjie (滩涂经界, literally, demarcating borders on the basis of mudflats) formed the basic Qing governing strategy for coastal areas and fishermen;they affected the 19th social order along the coast.

关 键 词：濒海地域 流动性管理 明清 华南渔民 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]