封建地租市场化与英国“圈地”  

The Marketization of the Feudal Land Rent and the ‘Enclosure’ in England

作　　者：侯建新[1] Hou Jianxin

机构地区：[1]天津师范大学欧洲文明研究院

出　　处：《世界历史》2019年第4期47-62,I0004,I0005,共18页World History

摘　　要：英国所以发生圈地运动,因素多多,经济的、社会的、文化传统的,不一而足。然而,我们不能离开土地本身谈土地变革,不问“土地”,何以知“圈地”?而英国圈地最初引起社会广泛关注就是从地租问题开始的。进入16世纪前后,地租急遽上扬,广受社会舆论诟病,不过地租变动的前因后果以及与圈地的内在逻辑联系,未见有说服力的批评和阐释;以后亦如此。以往关注地租者并不少,学界所理解的地租演进历程,就是封建地租走向资本主义地租,而本文试图从中世纪乡村生活内部探求其潜在的否定因素,它是封建的、同时具有市场因素发展的某些条件的地租形态和时段,这就为我们理解此时的经济形态的演变提供了一个新的解释模式。英国封建制的某些契约因素支持了中世纪农民经济繁荣,后者的发展到头来却对整个封建经济形态提出挑战,这样,近代与中世纪的内在联系,地租飙升及其与圈地运动的内在联系,得到了更深入的解释。国际贸易的扩张、养羊业的发展、价格革命等都在发生作用,最终还要土地本身发生变化,土地和地租市场化才是颠覆中世纪田制的最直接的铺垫。Many factors,including the economic,social and cultural traditions,contributed to the Enclosure Movement in England.However,it is impossible to discuss about the land reform without considering the land itself because the‘enclosure’only happened on the land.The enclosure in England firstly attracted widespread attention from the issue of land rent.The land rent rose sharply around the 16 th century,which was accordingly criticized by the public widely.Until the present,there is no convincing criticism and interpretation concerning the causes and effects of the change of the land rent and its internal logical connection with the enclosure.Many researchers used to focus on the land rent and they believed that the process of the feudal land rent moving to the capitalist land rent was the evolution of land rent.This paper intends to investigate the potential negative factors from the interior of the medieval rural life.The land rent during this period was in the feudal form and also possessed certain conditions for the development of the market,which provides a new interpretation model to understand the evolution of the economic form at this time.Some contractual factors of the feudal system in England supported the prosperity of the peasant economy in the Middle Ages,while the development of the latter challenged the whole feudal economic form in the end.Accordingly,this can further explain both the internal relation between the early modern times and the Middle Ages,and the internal relation between the soaring rent and the Enclosure Movement.Although the factors,including the expansion of international trade,the development of sheep farming,the price revolution,etc.,were functioning,the changing of land itself was still necessary.The marketization of land and land rent is the most direct preparation for the subversion of the field system in the Middle Ages.

关 键 词：英国史 圈地运动 封建地租 商业地租 

分 类 号：F301.4[经济管理—产业经济]