污染环境罪司法解释与刑法原理的背离及其矫正  

The Judicial Interpretation of Environmental Pollution Crime Deviates from the Principle of Criminal Law and its Correction

作　　者：刘伟琦[1,2] LIU Wei-qi(Law School,Guizhou Minzu University,Guiyang 550025;ASEAN Criminal Law Research Center,Zhongnan University of Economics and Law,Wuhan 430073 China)

机构地区：[1]贵州民族大学法学院 [2]中南财经政法大学东盟刑事法研究中心

出　　处：《河北法学》2019年第7期49-65,共17页Hebei Law Science

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目《环境犯罪刑法治理的早期化问题研究》(17BFX071);贵州省教育厅高校人文社科研究青年项目《环境污染刑事治理预警研究》(2017qn27)

摘　　要：污染环境罪司法解释在严惩污染环境方面的贡献毋庸置疑,但也必须理性看待其存在背离刑法基本原理的现象:将部分没有污染环境的行为解释为“严重污染环境”,属于应当禁止的超越文义的无限度扩张,有消解(行为)规范机能的风险;将某些尚未严重侵犯环境质量法益的行为解释为“严重污染环境”,无异于将一般的行政违法行为以犯罪论处,背离刑法的谦抑性原则;将与环境污染无必然关联的事项解释为“严重污染环境”,是对国民预测可能性的侵犯,既涉嫌侵犯国民的自由,也涉嫌违反责任主义原则;存在缺乏反证规定的刑事推定条款,有不当入罪的风险;将具有不同法益侵害程度的行为设置相同的入罪门槛,既违背公平理念,也不利于环境质量的保护;将具有不同法益侵害程度的行为设置相同的量刑幅度,违背罪刑相适应原则。在修订污染环境罪的司法解释时,可以通过对非法处置有害物质作限制性解释、增设“相当性”解释以及允许反证的条款完善上述缺陷。There is no doubt that the judicial interpretation of the crime of polluting the environment contributes to severely punishing the crime of polluting the environment,but we must also rationally look at the phenomenon that it deviates from the basic principles of criminal law. Interpreting the behaviors of not substantially polluting the environment as “seriously polluting the environment” belongs to the unlimited expansion beyond the literal meaning that should be prohibited,which has the risk of eliminating the function of norms;interpreting the behaviors of not yet“seriously polluting the environment”as“seriously polluting the environment”is tantamount to treating general administrative illegal acts as crimes, which not merely deviates from the modest and restrained principle,but is suspected of infringing upon the liberty of citizens;Interpreting the matters that are not necessarily related to environmental pollution as “seriously polluting the environment”is suspected of violating the principle of responsibility;There are criminal presumption lacking the provisions of counter-evidence,and there are risks of improper conviction. Setting the same threshold of incrimination for the behaviors with different infringements of legal interest is not only contrary to the concept of fairness,but also not conducive to the protection of environmental interests;Setting the same extent for measurement of punishment for the behaviors with different infringements of legal interest violates the principle of compatibility of crime responsibility and punishment. When revising the judicial interpretation of the crime of environmental pollution, we can perfect the above defects by restrictive interpretation of illegal disposal of harmful substances,adding “equivalence ” interpretation and allowing counter-evidence clauses.

关 键 词：污染环境罪 严重污染环境 行政应急措施 推定 相当性 反证 

分 类 号：DF639[政治法律—刑法学]