略论西南土司政区地理的形成与终结  

A Discussion on the Formation and End of the Political Geography of the Tusi in Southwest China

作　　者：马强[1] Ma Qiang(School of History and Culture, Southwest University, Chongqing ,400700, China)

机构地区：[1]西南大学历史文化学院历史地理研究所

出　　处：《民族学刊》2019年第4期62-68,118-119,共9页Journal of Ethnology

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“蜀道文献整理与研究”(17ZDA190)阶段性成果

摘　　要：历史上的土司制度设立之初,其辖区与经制州各有畛域,互不侵犯,即所谓"蛮不出峒,汉不过境",土司政区的地理沿革相对稳定,大多沿袭传统地域。但随着明代后期中央王朝与西南边地民族关系的紧张及其土司之间土地的侵夺,土司辖区时有扩张与盈缩;土司政区的起源与形成有三种,世袭领地、朝廷赐封与战争扩张。明清时期西南的强势土司大多侵占吞并周邻地盘形成领地纠纷。如明代播州、容美、酉阳土司甚至公然侵夺卫所屯堡。土司之间的领地纠纷往往由地方经制州长官的仲裁与调整,而土司的领地扩张与领地纠纷引起的民族地区冲突也是明季至清代前期中央王朝大规模施行"改土归流"的重要原因之一。Although the origins,formation and the size of the territory of the southwest Tusi( native officials in imperial China) differed,their existence as a geographical entity is indisputable.The formation of tusi political territory can be classified into three types: hereditary,bestowed by the imperial court,and expansion through war. The first type refers to those tusi regions which were inherited by the indigenous tribes for generations,and were granted by the central court in the Song and Yuan dynasties. The second type is the tusi’s geographical space granted by the central court due to chaos caused by war or the central court’s pacification of rebellions. The third type is when officials from the central court were ordered to lead the troops to suppress the rebellion and invasion of"barbarians"in the border areas,and later,when the dynasty declined or ended due to war in the Central Plains,the officials in the border areas declared themselves protectors of the area. They gradually became the local kings,and were later transformed into tusi during the Yuan and Ming dynasties.The tusi system,as the administrative management system of ethnic areas during the imperial era,also had geographical problems. The officials and jurisdiction of the tusi political district were clearly recorded in the documents. However,official documents relating to the background and detailed process of the demarcation of the boundaries between tusi administrative districts and the central prefecture( county) administrative districts were lacking. The question was how to resolve the boundary disputes and the land use rights among the tusi,and between the tusi and the Han con-trolled areas? Some local stele inscriptions provide clues for exploring this question. Concerning the disputes among the tusi or between the tusi and Han about demarcation and land use,as well as their settlement process,a typical example is a stele called the hantu jiangjie bei,which stands at the border between Wufeng county and Changyang county of Hubei. This s

关 键 词：西南土司 土司辖区 领地纠纷 

分 类 号：C95[社会学—民族学]