美国对公海上外国船舶污染行使管辖权的最新发展  

New Development of the Jurisdiction of the United States over Pollution from Foreign Flag Vessels in the High Seas

作　　者：徐国平[1] GUO Ping-xu(School of Law, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China)

机构地区：[1]上海海事大学

出　　处：《贵州师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2019年第4期145-150,共6页Journal of Guizhou Normal University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社科基金重大研究专项“新时代海洋强国战略法制保障研究”(18VHQ004)阶段性成果

摘　　要：美国是1973年《国际防止船舶污染公约》以及关于该公约的1978年议定书的成员国,该公约将公海上船舶污染的管辖权完全赋予船旗国。悬挂方便旗的船舶并没有得到其船旗国的有效监管。近二十年来美国作为港口国,通过依据国内法检查、起诉外国船舶在美国港口提交虚假油类记录簿的行为,行使对外国船舶的管辖权。美国海岸警卫队和法院的做法实际上扩大了美国作为港口国对公海上外国船舶污染的行政和司法管辖权,并将进一步对于其他港口国积极行使对公海上外国船舶污染的管辖权产生影响。The United States of America is one of the member countries in the “International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships” signed in 1973 and its Protocol signed in 1978 as well. The convention allows flag states to exercise their jurisdiction over vessels in the high seas. Vessels registering through the flag of convenience system do not receive effective supervision from their flag states. In the past twenty years, the United States of America has exercised jurisdiction as a port state over foreign flag vessels by inspecting and prosecuting these vessels for presenting the oil record book which did not record the discharge of oily water in the high seas. The practice of the US Coast Guard and the US Courts has actually enlarged the US executive and judicial jurisdiction as a port state over the pollution from foreign flag vessels in the high seas, which will further influence other port states to actively exercise jurisdiction over foreign flag vessels which discharging contaminants in the high seas.

关 键 词：美国 船舶污染 公海 管辖权 

分 类 号：D927[政治法律—法学]