语言的政治化与政治的语言化——政治学方法论的“语言学转向”问题  

Language in Politics and Politics in Language: Linguistic Turn in Political Methodology

作　　者：郭台辉 Guo Taihui

机构地区：[1]云南大学民族政治研究院

出　　处：《政治学研究》2019年第4期66-76,M0004,共12页CASS Journal of Political Science

基　　金：2017年度国家社会科学基金重点课题“中国政治学话语体系的依赖性与自主性问题研究”(17AZZ002)的研究成果

摘　　要：“语言学转向”是一种当代学术思潮,主张以语言为中心发现事实与建构知识,对人文社会科学构成巨大挑战,对政治学方法论的影响可分语言学的视角与语言学方法两个层面。语言学视角主张“语言的政治化”,语言成为最重要的政治现象,但有两种不同的视角预设。反映论预设把语言视为介质,透视并反映民族、国家、制度等宏观议题的“强结构”,而建构论预设把语言看作本源,塑造并建构社会网络、集体认同、行动等中微观议题的“弱结构”。语言学方法强调“政治的语言化”,把书写文本视为发现政治事实的全部论据,具体表现为语词分析、概念分析与话语分析三种类型,以不同方式进入政治学研究。“语言学转向”的缺陷在于,视角的不同预设带来知识的不确定性,而方法的文本主义导致不必要的混乱。中国政治学方法论正受“语言学转向”的影响,不能因视角与方法的新颖而忽略缺陷,需要跳出“语言的牢笼”,回到超语言的社会事实与价值规范。Linguistic turn is a thinking wave at contemporary time,arguing to find facts and construct knowledge by language. This wave, heavily challenging humanistic and social sciences, has great effects on political methodology with approach and method. Linguistic approach believes the language in politics, meaning that language is the most important political phenomenon with two different assumptions. Reflectivism sees the language as the media, grasping the strong structure in such macro issues as nation, state, institution, while the constructivism think language as the essence, molding the weak structure in such micro issues as social network, collective identity and action. Linguistic method emphasizes the politics in language, seeing written text as the whole evidence of political facts, with three specific analytical forms of words, concept and discourse, which differently come close to political studies. The limits of Linguistic turn are the uncertainty of knowledge with two approaches and the unnecessary chaos with the textist method. Political methodology in China should not seek the novelty of approach and method disregardful of its limits but come out of Linguistic cage and back to the trans-linguistic social facts and norms.

关 键 词：政治学方法论 语言学转向 视角与方法 

分 类 号：D0[政治法律—政治学]