典型黑土春玉米化学肥料养分利用效率变化研究  

Nutrients Use Efficiency Change of Chemical Fertilizers for Spring Maize in a Typical Black Soil

作　　者：仇少君[1] 李宁[1] 何萍[1] 魏丹[2,3] 金梁 赵士诚 徐新朋[1] 周卫[1] QIU ShaoJun;LI Ning;HE Ping;WEI Dan;JIN Liang;ZHAO ShiCheng;XU XinPeng;ZHOU Wei(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081;Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Environment Resource, Heilongjiang Academy of Agriculture and Science, Harbin 150086;Institute of Plant Nutrient and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/农业农村部植物营养与肥料重点实验室,北京100081 [2]黑龙江农业科学院土壤肥料与环境资源研究所,哈尔滨150086 [3]北京市农林科学院植物营养与环境资源研究所,北京100097

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2019年第16期2824-2834,共11页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发专项(2016YFD0200101);国家“973”计划(2013CB127405);农业资源与农业区划研究所应急性项目(868-5);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(931-14);黑龙江省自然科学基金(ZD2017008)

摘　　要：【目的】减少化学肥料投入和提高肥料养分利用效率是我国当前重要的农业举措。鉴于化学肥料不合理施用引起的黑土肥力下降和酸化,开展黑土化学肥料减少投入和肥料养分利用效率变化研究,有利于实现黑土化学肥料的科学施用。【方法】于2013-2016年在典型黑土区开展连续4年肥料投入试验,设置了不施肥(CK)、缺氮(PK)、缺磷(NK)、缺钾(NP)、氮磷钾配施处理(NPK)。测定了作物产量、养分吸收、土壤无机氮、速效磷、速效钾。【结果】黑龙江春玉米年产量10 t·hm^-2左右,除2013年外,2014-2016年各年份NPK处理春玉米产量、地上部氮磷钾养分吸收显著(P<0.05)高于CK或PK处理产量。除2016年磷素农学效率外,NPK处理肥料氮磷钾养分回收率、农学效率和偏生产力逐年升高。2013-2016年期间,肥料平均氮磷钾回收率分别为45.8%、6.1%和3.5%,农学效率分别为23.2、7.2和5.0 kg·kg^-1,偏生产力分别为58.3、133.2和97.7 kg·kg^-1。土壤矿质氮测试显示春玉米收获后到次年播种前冻融交替促进土壤有机氮素矿化。4年养分平衡计算的平均值显示NPK处理氮磷施用量基本与春玉米养分吸收量一致,土壤氮磷总体处于平衡状态,作物地上部钾素奢侈吸收导致土壤钾素处于亏缺状态。【结论】典型黑土区连续4年试验显示,在产量保持稳定的条件下,磷、钾肥能大幅减少,提高磷钾肥利用效率,而不施化学氮肥仅能维持第一年产量,随后的年份里氮肥利用效率提高和产量降低同时发生。【Objective】Reducing chemical fertilizer input and improving nutrients use efficiency are important agricultural strategies in China. In view of the declining soil fertility and acidification of black soil as the result of chemical fertilizers unbalanced application, the aim of this study was to explore reducing chemical fertilizers input and improving nutrients use efficiency in black soil, so as to promote the balanced utilization of chemical fertilizers in black soil in China.【Method】These treatments included no-fertilizer(CK), no N application(PK), no P application(NK), no K application(NP) and the combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium treatment(NPK). Crop yield, nutrients uptake, soil inorganic nitrogen, Olsen-P and NH4 OAc-K were determined in typical black soils from 2013 to 2016.【Result】 The yield of spring maize in Heilongjiang was about 10 t·hm^-2 per year. The yields and nutrients uptake by aboveground per year under NPK treatment were significantly higher than those under CK or PK treatments except for the year of 2013. The recovery efficiency, agronomic efficiency and partial productivity of N, P and K in NPK treatment increased year by year except for the P agronomic efficiency in 2016. During the period of 2013-2016 under NPK treatment, the averaged recovery efficiency of N, P and K was 45.8%, 6.1% and 3.5%, respectively;the averaged agronomic efficiency of N, P and K were 23.2 kg·kg^-1, 7.2 kg·kg^-1 and 5.0 kg·kg^-1, respectively;and the averaged partial productivity of N, P and K are 58.3 kg·kg^-1,133.2 kg·kg^-1 and 97.7 kg·kg^-1, respectively. Soil mineral nitrogen test showed the alternative frozen and thawed promoted soil organic nitrogen mineralization from post-harvested to pre-sown in the following year. The averaged nutrients balances in the experimental four years showed that the rate of N or P in NPK treatment could meet the demand of P, K for spring maize, soil N or P was in the balanced status on the whole, and the luxury uptake of K by aboveground resulte

关 键 词：化学肥料 肥料养分利用效率 春玉米产量 养分吸收 土壤速效养分 养分平衡 黑土 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]