印尼“新秩序”的权力文化：“家产主义”的起源与扩散  

The Power Culture of Indonesia’s “New Order”:the Origin and Spread of “Patrimonialism”

作　　者：夏方波 XIA Fangbo

机构地区：[1]清华大学社会科学学院

出　　处：《南亚东南亚研究》2019年第4期20-36,150,151,共19页South and Southeast Asian Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“经济全球化波动的政治效应及中国的战略应对”（17ZDA169）的阶段性成果

摘　　要：在传统政治学框架下对苏哈托维持政权稳定的解释,主要关注于苏哈托政权经济绩效的合法性、军队对社会的控制力以及制度化官僚机构的作用。但是,通过观察苏哈托时期的政治社会现象,不难发现上述解释都有其不足之处。通过分析,可以发现,新秩序的稳定性还得益于印尼政治文化层面民众与精英对威权与家长式统治的心理认同,这种认同的影响可以具体分为两个阶段来进行观察:在社会整合阶段,认同表现为参与与服从;在综合治理阶段,认同表现为利益分配的制度化。经过进一步分析发现,印尼政治文化在一定程度上维持着苏哈托政权对精英与民众的有效控制:在社会整合阶段,以革新政治、安定社会为合法性基础的苏哈托政权符合民众对政治强人的想象,精英则在变革时期攫取了更多的政治资源;在综合治理阶段,利益分配与政治效忠出现了制度化的发展趋向,“家产主义”的政治实践被“分配”到了威权系统的各个角落,固化了利益分配的忠诚效应与政体绩效的支持效应,从而使得苏哈托政权得以对印尼进行长达30多年的威权统治。Under the framework of traditional political science, the explanation of Soeharto's regime stability mainly focuses on the legitimacy of the economic performance, the military’s control over society and the role of institutionalized bureaucracy. However, by observing the political and social phenomena in the Soeharto period, it is not difficult to find that these explanations have their shortcomings. This paper argues that the stability of the New Order also benefits from the psychological identity of the people and elites to the authoritarian and paternalistic rule in the political and cultural level of Indonesia. The influence of this identity can be observed in two stages: the social integration stage--the phenomenon of participation and obedience;the comprehensive governance stage--the institutionalized phenomenon of interest distribution. This paper finds that Indonesian political culture to a certain extent, maintains the Soeharto regime as it provides the effective control of the elite and the people. In the stage of social integration, based on the legitimacy of political, stable social innovation of political strongman Soeharto regime is in line with people imagine, while elites grabbed more political resources;In the stage of comprehensive governance, the interest distribution and the institutionalization of political allegiance distributed the political practice of “patrimonialism” to every corner of the authoritarian system, solidifying the loyalty effect of interest distribution and the support effect of regime performance, thus enabling the Soeharto regime to carry out authoritarian rule over Indonesia for more than 30 years.

关 键 词：印度尼西亚 新秩序 权力文化 家产主义 制度化 

分 类 号：D73[政治法律—政治学] D77.61[政治法律—中外政治制度]