日本古代贡举的贵族化  

The Noblization of Japanese Civil Examinations for Government Degrees in Ancient Time

作　　者：李卓[1] LI Zhuo(Research Center for the History of Modern World, Japan Institute,Nankai University,Tianjin,300071,China)

机构地区：[1]南开大学世界近现代史研究中心,日本研究院

出　　处：《史学集刊》2019年第5期88-98,共11页Collected Papers of History Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“新编日本史”(13&ZD106)的成果

摘　　要：在中国的周边国家中,日本是最早实施科举,也最早终结了科举的国家。古代日本在社会与文化发展水平都比较落后的情况下仿唐制实施贡举,把贡举与初创的官学教育融为一体,在制度设计上将平民屏蔽在外,贡举的参与者始终以贵族子弟为核心。由于荫位制度的存在,贵族子弟依靠父祖恩荫就可以轻松获得官位,对进入大学寮学习及参与贡举并没有足够的兴趣,导致贡举实施不盛。贡举的考官--大学寮教师的门阀化、家业化加速了贡举的瓦解。日本的贡举始终是为贵族服务的,故仅仅存在于贵族处于辉煌时期的奈良时代和平安时代,最终随着贵族的衰落而走向终结。Among the neighboring countries of China, Japan was the first to implement and end the imperial examinations. In ancient Japan, the level of social and cultural development was relatively backward. Under this circumstance, the Japanese government imitated the Tang Dynasty s system of civil examinations for government degrees, and integrated this system with the newly established official education structure. The nobility played the core role in this examination system and the commoner had been excluded from it. Due to the hereditary system, the aristocratic heirs can easily obtain the official position by succession. They have no much desire in entering the Daigaku-ryō or participating in the examination, which resulted in the decline of this examination system. The noblization of examiner and teacher of Daigaku-ryō accelerated the disintegration of this examination system. Japan s civil examinations for government degrees had always served the nobility, so it only existed in the nobles’ glorious period of Nara and Heian era, and eventually came to an end with the decline of the nobility.

关 键 词：贡举 大学寮 贵族化 荫位 门阀化 

分 类 号：D731.3[政治法律—政治学]