第一次世界大战起源再探——以马其顿问题为视角(1903-1913年)  

Re-exploration of the Origins of the First World War:From the Perspective of the Macedonian Question (1903-1913)

作　　者：高建芝[1] GAO Jian-zhi(School of International Studies,Nanjing University,Nanjing,Jiangsu,210023,China)

机构地区：[1]南京大学国际关系研究院

出　　处：《史学集刊》2019年第5期118-127,共10页Collected Papers of History Studies

摘　　要：马其顿问题贯穿一战前的欧洲政治,影响着欧洲列强的外交博弈和彼此关系的调整。马其顿改革助推了《英法协约》和《英俄协约》的签订,三国协约的缔结极大地改变了欧洲权力结构,标志着一战前大国关系重组的基本完成。此后的马其顿问题成为巴尔干同盟能够建立的关键因素。该同盟的建立既扩大了两大军事集团之间的分歧,为后来一战的爆发埋下了仇恨的种子,也刺激了引发一战爆发的巴尔干诸国的民族沙文主义的发展,加剧了地区冲突的风险性。巴尔干诸国因瓜分马其顿未能达成共识而诉诸战争手段,这促使巴尔干地区力量的大分化。第二次巴尔干战争后形成的极具对抗性的巴尔干权力结构融入了更具全局性的欧洲大国两极对抗同盟体系,巴尔干国家之间的领土争夺与列强之间的霸权之争一同设置了第一次世界大战爆发的背景条件,而马其顿问题则成为贯穿其始终的一个重要因素。The Macedonian Question which affected the diplomatic game between European Powers and the adjustment of mutual relations,ran through European politics before World War I. The reform of Macedonia promoted the signing of the "the Entente Cordiale"and the "the Anglo-Russian Convention",the conclusion of the Triple Entente greatly changed the structure of European power and marked basically the end of the reorganization of relationship between major Powers before the First World War. Subsequently,the Macedonian Question became a key factor that the Balkan League could be established,the Balkan League not only expanded the differences between the two military blocs and planted the seeds of hatred for outbreak of the First World War,but also stimulated the development of national Chauvinism in the Balkan countries that caused the outbreak of World War I and intensified the risks of regional conflicts. The Balkan countries resorted to means of warfare because of the failure to reach a consensus in Macedonian partition,which led to a great division of power in the Balkans. The highly confrontational Balkan power structure formed after the Second Balkan War was integrated into the more comprehensive alliance system of bipolar confrontation of European Powers,the territorial struggle between the Balkan countries and hegemonic struggle between the Powers set the background conditions for the outbreak of the First World War,and the Macedonian Question became an important factor throughout.

关 键 词：一战起源 马其顿问题 三国协约 巴尔干同盟 巴尔干战争 

分 类 号：K143[历史地理—历史学]