大众传播学抑或大众心理学:对美国传播学主导范式的再书写  

Mass Communication or Mass Psychology:Rewriting the leading Paradigm of American Communication

作　　者：胡翼青[1] HU Yiqing(school of journalism and communication,Nanjing University)

机构地区：[1]南京大学新闻传播学院

出　　处：《国际新闻界》2019年第8期38-51,共14页Chinese Journal of Journalism & Communication

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“美国传播理论史研究”（项目编号：17BXW006）的研究成果~~

摘　　要：大众传播学在20世纪20年代的兴起,展现出当时不断涌现的心理学思潮对社会科学的全面影响。法国的群体心理学,德国的精神分析以及华生的行为主义心理学,尽管视角各异,但是都对传播学产生了深远的影响。它们把大众社会的视角、关于群体心理非理性的认知以及个体心理的科学测量方法等元素通过美国传播学的主要奠基者如李普曼、拉斯韦尔、拉扎斯菲尔德等人注入了当时刚刚起步的传播研究,形成了传播研究的大众心理学范式。在二战和冷战时期,出于心理战的需要,传播学不断强化大众心理范式取向,后者剥夺了传播学各种可能的发展方向而将其塑造为对内社会控制,对外捍卫冷战思维的知识工具。所以,从来没有过真正的大众传播学而只有真正的大众心理学。冷战结束后,面临政治经济框架的巨变,美国面临的问题也发生了根本的变化,传播学主流范式失去了持续的资源支持,然而出于惯习,传播学家们仍然坚持用大众心理学去理解传播现象,美国传播学的想象力因之衰竭。The rise of mass communication in the 1920s demonstrated the comprehensive influence of the emerging psychology at the time on social science. French group psychology, German psychoanalysis and Watson’s behavioristic psychology had a profound impact on communication, despite their different perspectives. They injected the elements of the mass society, the irrational cognition of group psychology, and the scientific measurement methods of individual psychology into the fledgling communication studies through the main founders of American communication, such as Lippmann, Lasswell, Lazarsfeld, etc. As a result, the mass psychology paradigm of communication research formed. In the period of World War II and the Cold War, communication continued to strengthen the mass psychology paradigm because of the need of psychological warfare. The latter deprived the various possible development directions of communication and shaped it into knowledge tool for internal social control and external defense of the Cold War. Therefore, there has never been a real mass communication but only real mass psychology. After the end of the Cold War, faced with the great changes in the political and economic framework, the problems faced by the United States also changed fundamentally. The mainstream paradigm of communication lost its continuous resource support. However, due to habitus, communication scholars still insisted on using mass psychology to understand the communication phenomenon. Thus, the imagination of American communication studies was exhausted.

关 键 词：大众传播学 大众心理学 冷战 心理战 

分 类 号：G206[文化科学—传播学]