金代的长白山封祀——兼论金朝山川祭祀体系的二元特征  

The Worship of Changbai Mountain 长白山 in the Jin Dynasty and Concurrently Discussing the Duality of Jin’s Sacrificial System of Mountains and Rivers

作　　者：邱靖嘉[1] Qiu Jingjia

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学历史学院

出　　处：《民族研究》2019年第3期105-117,141,142,共15页Ethno-National Studies

基　　金：吉林省社会科学基金重大委托项目“长白山金代神庙遗址平面格局及金代祠庙建筑制度研究”(项目编号:2018ZD2)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：金代曾于世宗朝册封长白山为“兴国灵应王”,章宗明昌中又晋封为“开天弘圣帝”,且泰和二年还有一次报谢长白山之举。本文通过辨析相关文献记载,梳理两次封册及报谢始末,重点论证其中所涉地理问题,指出长白山神庙当属咸平府管辖,封册使臣及赵秉文报谢皆由咸平道直达长白山,《金史·礼志》所谓大定十五年册礼使副“诣会宁府”之说,不足信。金朝之所以封祀长白山,是因为它在金人心目中具有女真兴王之地、混同江发源地和象征金德三重意象,地位尊崇。以长白山为代表的女真山川神祇与源自中原汉制的岳镇海渎共同构成了金朝的山川祭祀体系。后者展现了金朝的汉化倾向及通过五岳祭祀宣示国家正统的政治诉求,前者则体现出金朝统治者保存、弘扬女真本民族文化传统的努力。两者相互交融共生,形成金朝礼制的二元并重格局。In the Jin dynasty,the Changbai Mountain was invested with the King of Xingguo Lingyin 兴国灵运王(king who gives prosperity and good luck) in emperor Shi-zong’s 世宗 reign,and invested with the Emperor of Kaitian Hongshen 开天弘圣帝(emperor who opens up sky and fosters the sacred) in emperor Zhang-zong’s 章宗 reign period of Mingchang 明昌. Besides,in the second year of Taihe 泰和,the Jin court also sent officials to pay gratitude to the Changbai Mountain. On the basis of detailed analysis of all relevant records,this paper investigates those events,but focus on the concerned geographical problems,concluding the question that the envoys all took the way of Xianping 咸平 to the Changbai Mountain,and the statement of “going to Huining 会宁 Administration” was an error in the text of Jin Shi 金史(History of Jin Dynasty). In the Jurchen’s mind,the Changbai Mountain was great and significant because it was the place which they king had come from and their tribes had become prosperous,which was the origin of the Huntong river 混同江,as well as the symbol of the virtue of Jin Dynasty. The Changbai Mountain,as the representative of the traditional Jurchen deities of mountains and rivers,together with the gods of Yue Zheng Hai Du 岳镇海渎(gods of high mountains,strategical posts,great seas and rivers) from Central Plain,comprised the sacrificial system of mountains and rivers in the Jin Dynasty. The latter indicated the tendency of sinicization and the political demand of exhibiting the country’s orthodoxy,while the former displayed the rulers’ efforts to protect and promote Jurchen’s traditional culture. The fusion and symbiosis of two aspects produced the dual characteristics in the ritual system of Jin Dynasty.

关 键 词：金代 长白山 山川祭祀 汉文化 女真文化 

分 类 号：K246.4[历史地理—历史学]