机构属性的诺贝尔科学奖分布规律研究  

Research on the Nobel Prize in Science Based on Institutional Attributes

作　　者：门伟莉 张志强[2] Men Weili;Zhang Zhiqiang(China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 100088;Chengdu Library and Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学,北京100088 [2]中国科学院成都文献情报中心,成都610041

出　　处：《情报学报》2019年第9期907-920,共14页Journal of the China Society for Scientific and Technical Information

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“面向领域知识发现的学科信息学理论与应用研究”(17ATQ008);国家自然科学基金应急管理项目“关键工程科技前沿与体系的识别与分析”(L1724031);中国科学院战略研究与决策支持系统建设专项项目“主要领域规划状态监测与分析”(GHJ-ZLZX-2019-31);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目“现代信息技术驱动的大学图书馆管理与服务创新”(1000-10819320)

摘　　要：诺贝尔科学奖是现代科技奖励中学术权威性最高、时间序列最长、获奖者数据量和授奖成果影响最大的国际科技奖项。对诺贝尔科学奖数据进行深度分析和挖掘,将有助于揭示科学技术发展特别是重大科学发现产出和分布的潜在规律。文章系统完整收集并分析了1901-2018年诺贝尔科学奖获奖机构信息,并按照机构性质,将获奖机构划分为大学、研究院所或实验室、基金会、企业或公司、医院或诊所等五类。通过对获奖机构进行详细统计分析,本研究认为,获奖机构高度集中分布于大学和科研院所,但美、英、德、法等主要获奖国家呈现不同特点;基于不同获奖机构属性的获奖者年龄变化趋势呈现领域差异性,诺贝尔物理学奖呈现明显特性,诺贝尔科学奖获奖者获奖年龄、重大成果产出年龄和授奖时滞均呈现相似的变化趋势,但同一学科不同获奖机构的获奖者呈现不同的变化趋势;科研人员隶属多机构的现象促进了跨机构的学术交流与合作,美、英、德、法等主要获奖国家的主要获奖机构呈现出不同特点。最后,本文提出建议,我国要跻身创新型国家前列和世界科技强国之列,应着力建设基础科学研究强国,并提出了建设基础科学研究强国的四点建议。The Nobel Prize in Science is an international science and technology award of the highest academic authority, the longest time series, and the greatest international impact of achievements and a large mumber of winners in modern science and technology awards. We conducted an in-depth analysis of Nobel Prize data to help reveal the potential laws of scientific and technological development. The study systematically collected and analyzed information on Nobel Prize for Science award-winning institutions in 1901 and 2018. On the basis of the features of institutions, we divided winning organizations into five categories: universities;research institutes or laboratories;foundations;enterprises or companies;and hospitals or clinics. Through a detailed statistical analysis, the following conclusions were reached. It was thought that awardwinning institutions were highly concentrated in universities and research institutes, but the major winners such as the United States, Britain, Germany, and France presented different characteristics;the age-changing trends of the winners based on the attributes of different award-winning institutions showed disciplinary differences, and the Nobel Prize in Physics presented obvious characteristics. The winners of the Nobel Prize in Science, the age of major achievements, and the time lag of awards all showed similar trends, but the winners of different award-winning institutions in the same discipline showed different trends;the phenomenon of researchers belonging to multiple institutions promoted academic exchange and cooperation across institutions, and the major award-winning institutions and countries. Finally, the study suggested that China will rank at the forefront of innovative countries and the world's strongest countries in science and technology only if it focuses on building a strong foundation in basic scientific research. Four suggestions were put forward.

关 键 词：诺贝尔奖 诺贝尔科学奖 定量分析 获奖机构 机构属性 科学学 建议 

分 类 号：G321[文化科学]