马歇尔计划的历史真相:一种基于史实的解读  

The Truth of the Marshall Plan: An Interpretation Based on Historical Facts

作　　者：王新谦[1] WANG Xin-qian(Institute of International Studies,Henan University,Kaifeng 475001,China)

机构地区：[1]河南大学国际问题研究所

出　　处：《浙江工商大学学报》2019年第5期40-50,共11页Journal of Zhejiang Gongshang University

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“寻找真实的马歇尔计划”(18FSS010)

摘　　要：马歇尔计划是战后美国实现全球霸权战略的核心组成部分,其对战后世界和国际格局产生的影响深刻且持续,因此至今仍是学界研究热点。文章基于史实解读,回答了多年来国内外学界围绕马歇尔计划存在的几种争议,诸如马歇尔计划肇始时间界定、名称的由来、美国国务院官员对马歇尔计划的历史贡献以及捷克“二月事件”与马歇尔计划是否存在关联等。文章认为,尽管马歇尔哈佛演讲一直被视为马歇尔计划出台的标志性事件,但从严格意义上讲,在1948年4月之前,美国并没有什么具体的援助欧洲计划;在马歇尔计划形成过程中,美国决策层固然发挥了引领作用,但美国国务院中下层官员也功不可没;捷克“二月事件”是偶发事件,与马歇尔计划的出台没有直接因果关系,但却在客观上为马歇尔计划在美国国会的通过提供了助力。文章是对马歇尔计划整体史研究的必要补充和完善,对深入研究马歇尔计划具有重要的学术价值。The Marshall Plan is a core part of the postwar U.S. global hegemonic strategy, and its influence to the postwar world and international structure is profound and lasting. Thus, it has been a research focus in academic fields so far. Based on an interpretation of historical facts, this paper has dealt with several disputes concerning the Marshall Plan in academic studies at home and abroad, such as the definition of the beginning of the Marshall plan, the evolution of the name of the plan, the historical contribution of officials from U.S. Department of State to the plan and whether the "Czech Coup" in 1948 had any relationship with the plan. This paper holds that: although Marshall’s Harvard Address has been regarded as a symbol of the beginning of the Marshall Plan, the United States had no concrete plan to aid Europe in strict sense before April 1948;During the formulation of the Marshall Plan, the American decision-making elite did play a leading role, yet the middle-level and junior officials from U.S. Department of State made no less contribution at the same time;The "Czech Coup" in 1948 was an accident with no direct relation to the Marshall Plan, yet it offered aid to the passing of the Marshall Plan by U.S. Congress objectively. The paper is an essential addendum to and improvement on the overall research on the Marshall Plan history and has important value for further study on this plan.

关 键 词：马歇尔计划 美国 欧洲复兴 捷克“二月事件” 

分 类 号：K153[历史地理—历史学]