国家石油公司的法律地位——基于主要工业化国家的考察  

The legal status of national oil company: based on the study of major industrialized countries

作　　者：王明远[1,2] 黄春潮 WANG Ming-yuan;HUANG Chun-chao(School of Law,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;Center for Environmental,Natural Resources & Energy Law,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院,北京100084 [2]清华大学环境、资源与能源法学研究中心,北京100084

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2019年第9期1-10,共10页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：台达集团中达环境法学教育促进计划

摘　　要：我国国家石油公司存在着市场化改革与国家油气法律制度不健全的深刻矛盾,而明确国家石油公司法律地位是解决该矛盾的重要基础。以英日俄为代表的主要工业化国家,其国家石油公司的法律地位及变迁历程具有丰富的理论与实践经验,大致反映了国家石油公司法律地位的一般发展规律。本文尝试以比较研究为主要视角,结合历史研究、规范研究等研究方法,以英日俄国家石油公司的法律地位为研究对象,按照时间顺序,细致梳理和分析了国家石油公司法律地位产生与变迁的背景与动因。由于深受经济、社会、政治与法律的综合影响,特别是在新自由主义思潮影响之下,英日俄的油气产业体现出了从维护本国石油安全而强调政府干预,到兼顾企业效益而放松管制的发展规律。与此同时,三国的油气产业制度经历了国家直接或特许私人垄断模式向市场化和国际化模式的转变。相应地,其国家石油公司的法律地位分别从公法人、特殊法人、开放式股份公司演变为私法人、独立行政法人、上市公司。我国与英日俄在新自由主义时期面临油气产业治理改革的类似需求,三国国家石油公司的法律地位及其变迁历程所体现的客观规律对我国具有一定程度的参考价值。当前,我国国家石油公司作为上市公司,存在着极强的国家干预、过多的企业办社会职能、较为单一的股权结构等缺陷,严重制约着我国国家石油公司的发展。因此,我国需要借鉴域外经验,遵循市场经济原则和国家石油公司市场化和国际化的发展方向。具体而言,应当兼顾国家油气安全与企业效益,实行有限市场化、国家控股前提下的股权多元化,并削减不必要的行政职能。China’s national oil companies (NOCs) have a profound contradiction between its marketization reform and the incompleteness and unsoundness of the national oil and gas legal system, and clarifying the legal status of the NOCs is an important basis to solve the contradiction. The major industrialized countries, represented by Britain, Japan and Russia, are rich in theoretical and practical experience during their initial and evolution of legal status. This experience embodies the general development law of the legal status of NOCs. By taking the legal status of the British and Russian NOCs as the research object, this paper attempts to sort out and analyze carefully the background and motivation of the emergence and change of the legal status of NOCs in chronological order, from the main perspective of comparative research which combining with historical and normative research methods. Deeply affected by economy, society, politics and law, especially under the influence of neoliberal trend of thought, the development process of the oil and gas industry in Britain and Russia reflects the development law, which is firstly emphasizing on government’s intervention to maintain its national oil security and then converting to government’s deregulation and taking enterprise benefit into account. Meanwhile, the oil and gas industry system of the three countries have transited from a direct national monopoly model or privileged private monopoly model to a marketization and internationalization model. Correspondingly, the legal status of their NOCs has evolved from a public legal person, a special legal person and an open joint stock company to a private legal person, an incorporated administrative agency and a public joint stock company. China has similar needs of governing and reforming the oil and gas industry with Britain and Russia during the neoliberal period. Therefore, the legal status of NOCs of the three countries and the objective laws reflected in their vicissitude have certain reference value for China. N

关 键 词：国家石油公司 法律地位 油气市场化 油气国际化 石油安全 

分 类 号：D912.6[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学] X197[政治法律—法学]