蚂蚁对草地动植物及土壤作用的研究进展  

Review on the Effects of Ants on Animals,Plants and Soil in Grasslands

作　　者：赵一军 赵敏[1,2] 毛文娅[3] 于应文 ZHAO Yijun;ZHAO Min;MAO Wenya;YU Yingwen(College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China;Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China;Xingyi Zhongben Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Development Co., Ltd., Xingyi 562407, China)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学草地农业科技学院,甘肃兰州730020 [2]兰州大学,农业农村部草牧业创新重点实验室,甘肃兰州730020 [3]兴义市众犇农牧发展有限公司,贵州兴义562407

出　　处：《云南农业大学学报（自然科学版）》2019年第5期889-895,共7页Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University:Natural Science

基　　金：兴义市众犇农牧发展有限公司委托项目“云贵高原禾草/三叶草草地稳定性及草畜动态平衡研究”;贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2016]2585号);长江学者和创新团队发展计划(IRT-17R50)

摘　　要：蚂蚁作为草地生态系统重要组分之一,其种类和分布、筑巢和采食等对草地植被演变和土壤特性变化起重要作用。本文综述了中、高海拔不同草地类型中,蚂蚁的种类及分布、蚂蚁与草地动物的关系及蚂蚁对草地植被和蚁丘土壤理化特征的影响。结果显示:(1)蚂蚁适应性强,分布广,各类草地均有分布,但不同草地类型中蚂蚁种类有所不同;(2)蚂蚁作为草地生态系统的消费者,与其他草地动物有竞争、捕食与被捕食、共生与寄生等关系,这对草地健康的保持有利有弊,但最终维持着草地生态系统的平衡;(3)蚂蚁筑巢降低草地物种多样性,改变草地植物群落结构;(4)蚂蚁的挖掘、搬运、排泄和掩埋等增加蚁丘土壤养分和微生物活性,增加土壤孔隙度而降低容重,但其对土壤水分的影响因草地类型不同而异。为深入揭示蚂蚁在草地生态系统中的作用,未来还需开展如下研究:蚂蚁筑丘及采食活动对草地植被微斑块形成的作用机制及对演替的影响;蚂蚁在草地虫害防控中的作用;蚂蚁分泌物如何影响草地土壤微生物群落的构成。Ant is one of important components of grassland ecosystem. The species, distribution, nesting and feeding of ants play an important role in vegetation succession and soil characteristics in grasslands. We summarized the species and distribution of ants in different type grasslands in middle and high altitude areas, relationship between the ants and other animals, the effects of the ants on plant community composition and physical and chemical characteristics in ant nest soil. The results indicated that:(1) The ants were high adaptability and widely distributed in each of grassland, and the species was different among different grasslands;(2) Ants acts as consumers of grassland ecosystems, the relationships between ants and other animals exhibited competition, predation and prey, symbiosis and parasitism, all of these can benefit or harm the health of grassland, which will ultimately maintains the balance of the grassland ecosystem;(3) Ants reduced plant species diversity and changed the plant community structure by building nest;(4) Ants increased the nutrients and microbial activity of ant nests soil by digging, transporting, excreting and burying, and also increased porosity and reduced bulk density of nest soil, while the effect of ants on the soil moisture varied from the different grasslands. In order to deeply reveal the effects of ants on grassland ecosystem, the following studies needed to be carried out in the future: effects of anthill formation on the grassland succession and mechanisms of feeding and nesting activities of ants on the formation of grassland vegetation micropatches;the role of ants in controlling and prevention of grassland pest;how do the ant secretions affects the composition of grasslands soil microbial communities.

关 键 词：蚁丘 草地类型 种间关系 植物群落特征 土壤理化性质 

分 类 号：S812.2[农业科学—草业科学]