连续三年减施氮肥对潮土玉米生长及根际土壤氮素供应的影响  

Effects of reduced nitrogen fertilizer for three consecutive years on maize growth and rhizosphere nitrogen supply in fluvo-aquic soil

作　　者：陈磊[1,2] 宋书会[1] 云鹏 周磊[5] 高翔[3] 卢昌艾[1] 刘荣乐[4] 汪洪 CHEN Lei;SONG Shu-hui;YUN Peng;ZHOU Lei;GAO Xiang;LU Chang-ai;LIU Rong-le;WANG Hong(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081;Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haerbin 150086;Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science Sorghum Research Institutes, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030600;Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191;Heilongjiang Academy Sciences, Haerbin 150090)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/耕地培育技术国家工程实验室/农业部植物营养与肥料重点实验室,北京100081 [2]黑龙江省农业科学院,哈尔滨150086 [3]山西省农业科学院高粱研究所,晋中030600 [4]农业农村部环境保护科研监测所,天津300191 [5]黑龙江省科学院,哈尔滨150090

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2019年第9期1482-1494,共13页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目（2016YFD0200108）;国家重点基础研究发展计划（973计划）项目（2013CB127402,2007CB109302）

摘　　要：[目的]我国北方农业生产中氮肥过量施用现象较普遍,冬小麦夏玉米轮作体系是当地主要种植方式。研究轮作体系氮肥减施对玉米产量、氮肥利用率、根系形态及根际中无机氮特征的影响,为集约化农业生产体系中氮肥合理施用提供支持。[方法]选择河北衡水潮土试验点冬小麦夏玉米轮作体系,连续开展了三年田间试验,小麦收获后免耕播种夏玉米。冬小麦季设置 N 0、180、225、300 kg/hm^2 四个氮肥用量处理,其夏玉米季相应氮肥用量依次设置为 N 0、144、180 和 240 kg/hm^2,为不施氮肥、减施 40%、减施 25%和习惯施氮量处理。分别在玉米生育期的苗期、大喇叭口期、灌浆期及收获期在处理小区随机选植株 5 株,测定玉米籽粒产量、地上部氮含量、氮累积量及根际土壤中无机氮等指标,利用 WinRHIZO 根系分析系统分析获取根长、直径等数据。[结果]与 N240 处理相比,N144、N180 处理连续三年的玉米籽粒产量、地上部含氮量与氮累积量、根系长度与直径、根际土壤硝态氮与铵态氮含量均未受到明显影响,而氮肥利用率显著提高,农田氮素表观损失降低。三季 N0、N144 和 N180 处理的夏玉米籽粒产量、非根际土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量出现下降。除2008 年大喇叭口期之外,三季玉米所有生育时期中,施用氮肥处理的夏玉米根际土壤硝态氮含量明显低于非根际土壤。2008 年玉米抽雄期,根际土壤中铵态氮含量显著高于非根际土壤,而在收获期,根际土壤铵态氮含量比非根际土壤明显降低。同一生育期,氮肥减施未明显降低根际土壤铵态氮含量。2008 和 2009 年两季玉米籽粒产量均与大喇叭口期以后地上部氮累积量呈显著正相关,而 2010 年只与苗期和成熟期显著相关。2009 年玉米根际硝态氮含量均与玉米产量呈正相关,生育后期呈极显著正相关关系,而除大喇叭口期非根际土壤硝态氮含�[Objectives]Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization in maize is concerned in the North China Plain. Winter wheat summer maize rotation is the most common agricultural production system in this area. For enhancing maize production and protecting the environment, it is necessary to reduce fertilizer input and to increase fertilizer use efficiency. The objective of this paper was to investigate maize grain yield, N use efficiency, root morphology and inorganic nitrogen characteristics in rhizosphere soils of reducing application rate of N fertilizer to provide technical basis for rational application of nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat summer maize crop rotation systems.[Methods]A field experiment was conducted on fluvo-aquic soil in Hengshui City, Hebei Province. The cropping system was winter wheat summer maize rotation. The experiment was lasted for three years from 2008 to 2010. For winter wheat, the designed four N application rates were 0, 180, 225 and 300 kg/hm^2. After wheat harvest, summer maize was planted without tillage, and the N rates in above four treatments became 0, 144, 180 and 240 kg/hm^2 in turn. The grain yields, total N uptake and N content in maize shoots were investigated. The contents of soil NO3 -N and NH4+-N in rhizosphere were analyzed. Root analysis system WinRHIZO was used to determine the root length and diameter.[Results]Compared to N240, the rate of 144 and 180 kg/hm^2 did not significantly affect maize grain yield, total root length, average root diameter and soil NO3 -N and NH4+-N contents in rhizosphere soils during three years’ period, however, obviously increased N utilization and recovery rate. Maize yield and NO3 -N and NH4+-N content in non-rhizosphere soils started to decline in treatments of N0, N144 and N180 in the third season. Except for the bell-mouthed stage of maize in 2008, the NO3 -N contents in the rhizosphere soils were lower than in the non-rhizosphere soils. The of NH4+-N contents in rhizosphere soils were higher than in the non-rhizosphere soils at maize tass

关 键 词：夏玉米 氮肥减施 潮土 根际 根系 无机氮 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]