川西北4个典型牧业县畜群结构优化管理及其影响因素分析  

Optimization of the management of the livestock population structure and analysis of its influencing factors in four typical animal husbandry counties of northwest Sichuan

作　　者：陈晓霞 孙飞达[1] 石福孙[2] 刘琳[1] 许泽俊 张蔡斌 李飞[1] 廖礼彬 高娟婷 CHEN Xiaoxia;SUN Feida;SHI Fusun;LIU Lin;XU Zejun;ZHANG Caibin;LI Fei;LIAO Libin;GAO Juanting(College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China;Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China)

机构地区：[1]四川农业大学动物科技学院,四川成都611130 [2]中国科学院成都生物研究所,四川成都610041

出　　处：《草业科学》2019年第9期2404-2412,共9页Pratacultural Science

基　　金：国家重点研发计划课题(2016YFC0501805);四川省留学回国人员项目(03109148);四川省教育厅重点项目(17ZA0320)

摘　　要：畜群特征、牧户家庭构成和家畜出栏管理是影响传统牧区畜群结构优化管理的重要因素,本研究于2018年8月在川西北典型牧业县若尔盖、红原、阿坝、壤塘4县,基于20个乡镇,124个牧户的入户调研,开展畜群特征、牧民家庭构成、出栏管理指标的综合分析。结果表明,4个典型牧业县除若尔盖之外,其他各县的放牧家畜均是以牦牛为主,牦牛和绵羊的能繁母畜比在壤塘县最高,分别为66.63%和68.26%;在若尔盖县最低,分别为48.23%和51.67%。就繁殖率而言,牦牛和绵羊繁殖率较高的是若尔盖县和壤塘县,分别为46.04%、 63.26和35.51%、63.67%;阿坝县和红原县较低,分别为31.36%、46.21%和40.07%、43.30%。牧户家庭放牧劳动力主要以32~38岁的男性为主,家庭受教育程度普遍偏低,未受教育和小学学历程度所占比例最大,分别为31.29%和46.51%;大学、大专及以上学历所占比例最低,为4.96%。出栏管理方面,除阿坝县绵羊出栏时间为1年多,属于正常范围内以外,其他各县牦牛和绵羊的出栏时间均偏长,出栏率偏低;最大的出栏率是红原县,仅为21.08%。因此在牧区鼓励发展教育,调整畜群结构,加快畜群周转对畜群结构的优化和畜牧业的可持续发展至关重要。The population characteristics of livestock, family composition of herdsman, and management of livestock slaughter are important factors that influence the optimization of the management of the livestock structure in traditional pastoral areas. In this study, we performed comprehensive analyses on the livestock population characteristics, composition of herdsman families, and management indices of livestock slaughtering in August 2018 in four typical animal husbandry counties of northwest Sichuan, including Ruoergai, Hongyuan, Aba, and Rangtang, based on 20 townships and 124 pastoral households. The results showed that, excluding Ruoergai county, sheep were the main livestock. The highest reproducing ratio of female yaks and sheep in Rangtang county was 66.63% and 68.26%, respectively, while the lowest in Ruoergai county was 48.23% and 51.67%, respectively. In terms of the reproduction rate, the highest reproduction rates of yaks and sheep in Ruoergai county were 46.04% and 63.26%, respectively, whilst in Rangtang county they were 35.51% and 63.67%. On the contrary, the lowest reproduction rates of yak and sheep in Aba and Hongyuan county, with 31.36%, 46.21%and 40.07%, 43.30% respectively.Men aged from 32 to 38 years old were the main herding labor force in a typical animal husbandry county, and their degree of education was generally low. The largest ratios of illiteracy and primary school education were 31.29% and 46.51%, respectively, while the lowest ratio of college education, junior college, or above was 4.96%. In terms of the management of livestock slaughter, the slaughter time of sheep in Aba county was more than 1 year, which is within a reasonable range. However, the slaughter time of yaks and sheep in other counties is relatively long, the slaughter rate is relatively low, and the largest slaughter rate was only 21.08% in Hongyuan county. Therefore, encouraging the development of education in pastoral areas, adjusting the structure of livestock, and accelerating the turnover of livestock populations

关 键 词：川西北 畜群结构 优化管理 牧民 

分 类 号：S811.5[农业科学—畜牧学]