历史研究中的证据与证明——自柯林武德以来的讨论  

Evidence and Proof in Historical Research: Discussions since R. G. Collingwood

作　　者：陈新[1] Chen Xin

机构地区：[1]浙江大学历史学系

出　　处：《江海学刊》2019年第5期177-184,255,共9页Jianghai Academic Journal

摘　　要：史家在进行历史研究之时,要依赖于证据。然而,证据的产生,与史家所提出的问题相关。历史学家往往因为现实的要求提出问题,从而将那些可以用来阐明其问题的史料纳入证据的范畴。历史学家的问题来自于“现在”,他提出问题的过程是创造的过程。史家进行证明的过程与回答问题的过程是一致的。在这个过程中,除了依据史料进行逻辑推理之外,类比也是其中至关重要的环节。证明过程中的类比,受到不少史家、数学家、哲学家的重视。对类比证明的理解,将帮助史家在进行历史证明的过程中,避免产生对于史学之精确性的盲目崇拜;它同时也可以促使史家认识到,证据与证明,在最大的限度上与现实存在着紧密的关系。When historians do research,they rely on evidence. However,the making of evidence is related to the questions the historians pose. Historians often pose questions based on the requirements of the reality,hence they put those historical materials into the category of evidence,which can be used to explain the questions.Historians’ questions come from the "present",and the process of posing questions is the process of creating.The process of proving is also in consistent with the process of historians answering the questions. In this process,besides the logic reasoning based on the historical evidences,analogy is also a very important step.An understanding of analogous proof will help historians avoid blind worship of accuracy in historical studies when they are working on historical evidence;at the same time,it can help historians realize that evidence and proof is closely related to reality to the greatest extent.

关 键 词：证据 史学理论 历史研究 类比 柯林武德 

分 类 号：K06[历史地理—历史学]