明代“野人女真”称谓刍论  

Some Remarks on the Appellation “Wild Jurchens” of the Ming Period

作　　者：赵令志[1] Zhao Lingzhi

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《民族研究》2019年第4期95-103,M0004,M0005,共11页Ethno-National Studies

摘　　要："野人女真"之称谓,在明代经历了从对女真人的蔑称发展到专属称谓的过程。明嘉靖中叶,为整顿女真羁縻卫所朝贡乱象,开始控制海西、建州女真卫所的朝贡人数,分别确准海西女真卫所凭1000道、建州凭500道敕书入边朝贡贸易之策,且将不在此1500道敕书之内,"极东""远甚"的女真人,称作"野人女真",其可"朝贡不常",自此才将女真分为海西、建州、"野人"三部分。迄今国内外学界所认为明代"野人女真",又称"东海女真"的用法并不准确,明朝各种文献中,没有将"野人女真"称为东海女真的记载。以东海瓦尔喀、呼尔哈、窝集三部作为东海女真,最早出现于《满文原档》,此称谓被清朝沿用,但东海三部之范围,与明代"野人女真"的范围不同,不应将两者等同。The appellation "Wild Jurchens"(Ch.Yeren Nuzhen野人女真) developed from a disparaging name to a special term for certain Jurchen group in the Ming Dynasty.During the middle of the Jiajing 嘉庆 period (1522-1566),the Ming placed a quota on the size of the tributary delegations of Haixi海西 and Jianshou 建州Jurchens to rectify the disorder of Jurchen jimi 羁縻(governed by traditional chiefs and headmen) wei-suo 卫所(literally,guard and garrison) tributary activities.For the first time the Jurchens were divided into the three groups of Haixi,Jianzhou,and Wild Jurchens when it was decided that the Haixi could only present tribute with a thousand imperial edicts,the Jianzhou with five hundred imperial edicts,and the "extreme east" or "very far" wild Jurchens without these fifteen hundred edicts would be allowed to "present tribute irregularly." The "Wild Jurchens" have been conflated with the Donghai Jurchens东海女真(literally,East Sea Jurchens) by lots of researchers of China and other countries.But this term hasn't been found in the records of the Ming dynasty.The names of the three main Wild Jurchen tribes of the Hūrha,Warka and Weji were adopted by the Qing court and were first found in the Manwen yuandang 满文原档(original achieves in Manchu language).Yet,the ranges of the three Donghai Jurchen tribesin the Qing dynasty were not the same as those of the Wild Jurchens in the Ming Dynasty.

关 键 词：明代 "野人女真" 海西女真 卫所 敕书 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]