凉水自然保护区3种森林类型的植物组成和林分结构特征  

Differences in Plant Composition and Forest Structure among of 3 Forest Types in Liangshui National Nature Reserve

作　　者：王文杰 杜红居 肖路 张建宇 仲召亮 周伟 张波 王洪元 Wang Wenjie;Du Hongju;Xiao Lu;Zhang Jianyu;Zhong Zhaoliang;Zhou Wei;Zhang Bo;Wang Hongyuan(Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology of Ministry of Education,Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040)

机构地区：[1]东北林业大学森林植物生态学教育部重点实验室

出　　处：《林业科学》2019年第9期166-176,共11页Scientia Silvae Sinicae

基　　金：国家自然基金重点项目(41730641);中央高校基础专项项目(2572017DG04)

摘　　要：【目的】探讨凉水自然保护区3类森林的植物组成和林分结构特征,以期为小兴安岭保护区科学管理及经营天然次生林提供基础支撑。【方法】以存在小兴安岭核心区的凉水国家自然保护区及周边的典型针阔混交林、阔叶林和针叶林3类森林为对象,详细调查乔木层(80块30 m×30 m样地)、灌木层(160块5 m×5 m样地)和草本层(160块1 m×1 m样地)的林分结构特征(树高、胸径、枝下高、冠幅、灌高、灌木直径、灌木盖度、草本株高、乔灌草密度等),分析种类组成并计算物种丰富度指数、多样性指数(Shannon-wiener及Simpson指数)和均匀度指数(Pielou和Alatalo指数),并采用方差分析、冗余分析(RDA)探究林分间的差异。【结果】3类森林有乔木28~30种、灌木22~25种、草本78~90种,其乔、灌、草植物种类差异明显,阔叶树种以白桦最多,针叶树种以兴安落叶松最多,灌木最多的是毛榛子,草本以蚊子草和小叶芹最多;针阔混交林的丰富度指数、多样性指数总体上高于针叶林和阔叶林,而阔叶林的均匀度高于其他2个森林类型;同一森林类型的多样性指数和丰富度指数均表现为草本层>乔木层>灌木层;3种森林类型中灌木层的均匀度高于其他层;从结构特征来看,树高和胸径平均为14和18 cm,树高和枝下高表现为针叶林>针阔混交林>阔叶林,灌木层冠幅表现为针阔混交林>阔叶林>针叶林,草本层每个种的平均多度与盖度表现为针叶林显著(P<0.05)高于针阔混交林;冗余排序分析表明,阔叶林和针叶林的多样性特征差异主要由草本层特征解释,而针阔叶混交林则主要受乔木层结构特征影响,其中阔叶林草本植物的多度、密度和株高等可解释48.4%~62.1%的多样性差异,针叶林可解释30.5%~44.3%;针阔混交林中显著影响多样性的林分特征表现为灌木地径>乔木枝下高>草本株高>乔木胸径,合计分析乔木层、灌木层的特征能解【Objective】By clarification of compositional and structural traits of 3 forest types in Liangshui National Nature Reserve, this paper was aimed to provide suggestions for the scientific management and forest conservation for whole Xiaoxing’anling Mountains.【Method】Three typical forest types(conifer, broadleaf and conifer-broadleaf forests) distributed inLiangshui National Nature Reserve(the core region in Xiaoxing’anling Mt.) were surveyed in 80 plots(30 m×30 m for arbor layer), 160 plots of 5 m×5 m for shrub layer, and 160 plots of 1 m×1 m for herb layer;Plant sizes and community traits(height of tree, shrub and herb, diameter at breast height for trees, shrub diameter, under branch height of tree, crown breadth, tree canopy density and shrub coverage, herb species abundance, and density of tree, shrub and herbs), and compositional traits(species name, genus and family) were recorded in details and diversity indices(Shannon-Wiener and Simpson index),evenness indices(Alatalo and Pielou index), richness index(R) were calculated thereafter. Analysis of variance and redundancy analysis(RDA) were used to explore the differences and coupling relationships in different forest types.【Result】1) Totally, 28-30 tree species, 22-25 shrub speciesand 78-90 herb species were observed in 3 different forest types;The most abundant broadleaf species was Betula platyphylla, while the conifer was Larix gmelinii;The most frequent shrub species was Corylus mandshurica and the most-observed herbs were Aegopodium alpestre and Filipendula palmate. 2) In the 3 forest types, the highest species evenness was in the broadleaf forest, and the highest richness index and diversity index were respectively observed in the conifer forest and the conifer-broadleaf mixed forest. The diversity and richness indices in the same forest showed that the herb layer > tree layer > shrub layer, and 3 forest types showed the similar pattern. The evenness of shrub layer was higher than that in other layers in general. 3) Tree height andunde

关 键 词：乔灌草层 多样性 均匀度 丰富度 林分结构差异 冗余分析(RDA) 小兴安岭地区 

分 类 号：S718.542[农业科学—林学]