减施磷肥提高设施番茄氮磷钾生理效率并减少土壤速效磷累积  

Reducing conventional phosphorus input increase physiological efficiencies of absorbed nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in greenhouse tomato and decrease soil available phosphorus accumulation

作　　者：赵伟[1] 杨圆圆[1] 蒋丽媛[1] 张凯 陈志杰 周建斌[3] 杨兆森[1] ZHAO Wei;YANG Yuan-yuan;JIANG Li-yuan;ZHANG Kai;CHEN Zhi-jie;ZHOU Jian-bin;YANG Zhao-sen(Weinan Agricultural Technology Promotion Center,Weinan,Shaanxi 714000,China;Shaanxi Institute of Biological Agriculture,Xi'an,Shaanxi 710043,China;College of Nature Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]渭南市农业技术推广中心,陕西渭南714000 [2]陕西省生物农业研究所,陕西西安710043 [3]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2019年第10期1710-1718,共9页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：陕西省重点研发计划（2018NY-054）;国家科技支撑项目（2014BAD14B00）

摘　　要：【目的】设施蔬菜生产中过量施肥现象普遍存在,本研究针对设施番茄磷肥过量施用问题,定位研究减施磷肥对番茄产量、干物质量、养分吸收、分配及土壤速效磷状况的影响,旨在为设施栽培磷肥减量提供科学依据。【方法】以习惯施肥为对照(CK),2015年设磷肥减量50%(P1)、磷肥减量70%(P2) 2个减磷处理,2016年增设不施磷(P0)处理,共3个减磷处理。2016年在膨果期、盛果期采集植株样品,测定根、茎、叶、果干重,及各器官氮、磷、钾养分含量;在定植前、盛果期和拉秧期采集0—60 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤速效磷含量。【结果】在基础速效磷含量较高(约220 mg/kg)的土壤,连续两年减磷70%或一年不施磷肥不影响番茄产量,2015年和2016年番茄产量分别为53.9~55.1 t/hm^2和50.2~52.7 t/hm^2。各减磷施肥处理与CK相比,均显著提高盛果期果实干物质量和N、P、K养分分配率,降低叶片干物质量、干物质分配率和N、P、K养分分配率。膨果期番茄植株62.8%~65.7%干物质分配于叶片,植株氮、磷、钾携出量分别为83.2~89.9kg/hm^2、10.3~11.1 kg/hm^2、75.0~85.9 kg/hm^2,此时番茄叶片和茎杆是养分的主要累积部位,茎叶氮、磷、钾分配率之和分别为84.4%~86.4%、79.4%~83.4%、76.9%~82.3%,番茄氮、磷、钾吸收比例为1∶0.12∶0.84~0.96。盛果期43.0%~44.6%和37.0%~44.6%的干物质分配于果实和叶片,此时番茄果实和叶片为养分主要累积部位,果实和叶片氮、磷、钾分配率之和分别为84.6%~86.7%、78.5%~82.7%、81.4%~83.9%,植株氮、磷、钾携出量分别为197~226 kg/hm^2、33~37 kg/hm^2、200~247 kg/hm^2。CK处理番茄叶片、果实全钾含量及钾吸收量显著高于减磷处理,可见减施磷肥可降低番茄对钾素的奢侈吸收。经过两年的减磷处理,表层土壤速效磷累积量显著降低,但各处理土壤剖面出现磷素向下迁移,膨果期0—20 cm土层土壤速效磷含量较种植前减少27.【Objectives】Excessive phosphorous fertilization is common in facility vegetable production. In this study, the effect of reducing phosphorus application was investigated from the points of crop nutrition and soil available P accumulation, in order to provide theoretical basis for phosphorus fertilizer reduction in facilities.【Methods】A field experiment was conducted inside a plastic greenhouse, using tomato as tested materials. The conventional phosphorus application rate of 891 kg/hm^2 was taken as the control(CK), two phosphorus reduction treatments were set, including 50% less(P1) and 70% less(P2) in 2015, and extra treatment of no phosphorus(P0) in 2016. The dry weight of roots, stems, leaves and fruits were investigated, and the N, P and K contents in the organs were measured in 2016 during fruit expanding and full-fruiting stages. The available phosphorus content in 0–60 cm soil layer was measured before planting, during full-fruiting and during uprooting stage.【Results】In the soil with high available P(about 220 mg/kg), reducing 70% of P input for two consecutive years or no P input for one year did not affect tomato yield. Tomato yields in 2015 and 2016 were 53.9–55.1 t/hm^2 and 50.2–52.7 t/hm^2, respectively. Compared with CK, all other treatments significantly increased the dry matter weight and the allocation rate of NPK in fruits, and decreased those in leaves at full fruit bearing stage.During fruit-expanding period, 62.8%–65.7% of the dry matter was distributed in the leaves of tomato plants,and the total N, P and K uptake by the plants were 83.2–89.9 kg/hm^2, 10.3–11.1 kg/hm^2, 75.0–85.9 kg/hm^2,respectively. At this time, leaves and stems of tomato were the main accumulative parts of nutrients. The distribution rates of N, P and K in stems and leaves were 84.4%–86.4%, 79.4%–83.4%, 76.9%–82.3%, and the absorption ratio of N, P and K in tomatoes was 1∶0.12∶0.84–0.96. During the full fruiting period,43.0%–44.6% and 37.0%–44.6% of dry matter were distributed i

关 键 词：减施磷肥 设施番茄 养分吸收 养分分配 干物质 

分 类 号：S641.2[农业科学—蔬菜学] S158.3[农业科学—园艺学]