活断层的定义与分类——历史、现状和进展  

The Definition and Classification of Active Faults: History, Current Status and Progress

作　　者：吴中海[1] WU Zhong-hai(Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Crustal Stability Assessment,Institute of Geomechanics,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100081)

机构地区：[1]活动构造与地壳稳定性评价重点实验室,中国地质科学院地质力学研究所

出　　处：《地球学报》2019年第5期661-697,共37页Acta Geoscientica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(编号:41571013);中国地质调查局地质调查项目(编号:DD20160268;DD20190396)联合资助~~

摘　　要：活断层是在最近地质时期持续活动,并且未来仍将活动的断裂。活断层作为破坏性地震的主要危险源及其可能衍生的多种潜在灾害作用,意味着它的存在对所在区域的城镇发展和重要基础设施建设都存在难以回避的灾害风险问题。而中国是世界上活断层数量多且遭受相关灾害影响特别严重的国家之一,如何科学评价活断层危险性且有效减轻相关的灾害风险必然是我国经济社会发展中长期面临的重大课题。而活断层定义和分类是评价活断层灾害风险的重要依据。在全面系统地梳理分析国内外在这一领域的历史与现状基础上,介绍并总结了代表性国家和地区、相关的规范标准以及活断层编图与空间数据库建设工程等所采用的活断层定义和分类方案。综合分析与对比结果表明,在制定科学合理的活断层定义及分类方案时,必须综合考虑区域的现今构造动力学背景、现有技术手段及地质上的可操作性、应用目的和社会对活断层风险的可接受程度等因素。活断层定义的关键是过去活动时限及潜在发震能力的选择或确定,前者涉及“新构造、第四纪、晚第四纪、全新世和历史上”共5个不同时间尺度,后者包括“M≥5.0的破坏性地震、M≥6.0的强震和M≥6.5的可能产生地表位移或变形的地震”共3类。晚第四纪和全新世等短时间尺度的活断层定义适合应用于构造活动强烈的板块边界带,但第四纪和新构造等长时间尺度的活断层定义在板内变形区和稳定大陆区,或包含了多种不同活动构造域的区域更为可取。而M≥5.0地震适用于作为区域性防震减灾的震级标准,M≥6.5地震一般可作为活断层避让规范或法规中的标准。国内外最常见的活断层分类方案是基于断裂活动强度与频度(主要通过断层滑动速率与地震复发间隔两个定量参数来体现)和活动时代的分类。但在确定不Active fault is generally defined as a fault that is expected to cause sub-surface deformation or destructive earthquakes(M≥5.0 shallow earthquakes)in the future,and is treated as the main hazard source of destructive earthquakes and related potential hazard effects.The presence of active faults means unavoidable disaster risk for urban development and important infrastructure construction along the fault zones.China is one of the countries with a large number of active faults and is particularly affected by related disasters in the world.How to scientifically evaluate the risk of active faults and effectively mitigate the related disaster risks is bound to be a major issue in China's long-term economic and social development.The definition and classification of active faults is an important basis for evaluating the hazard risk of active faults.Based on a comprehensive analysis of the history,status and progress of the definition and classification of active faults,this paper summarizes the definition and classification schemes of active faults used in representative countries and regions as well as in some relevant standards,active fault mapping,construction of spatial database and some other fields.The comprehensive comparison results show that the reasonable adopting of definition and classification of active faults must take into account the current tectonic dynamic background,existing technical means and geological operability,application purpose and social acceptability of active faults risk in a specific area.The key parameters are the past activity time limit and the potential seismogenic ability in definition of active faults.The former usually involves five different time scales,i.e.,Neotectonic,Quaternary,Late Q0uaternary,Holocene and historical process,whereas the latter generally includes three classes,namely,M≥5.0 destructive earthquakes,M≥6.0 strong earthquake and M≥6.5 which may produce the surface displacement or deformation.The definition of active faults using short time scale,such as l

关 键 词：活断层 新构造 能动构造源 地震复发间隔 地震危险性评价 

分 类 号：P546[天文地球—构造地质学]