论反兴奋剂治理机制的改革:扩张违规主体抑或独立化?  

Reform of the World System of Anti-Doping:Expanding the Subjects of Violation or Making Its Independent?

作　　者：杨春然[1] 张晓菲 YANG Chunran;ZHANG Xiaofei(China University of Petroleum,Qingdao 266580,China)

机构地区：[1]中国石油大学(华东)

出　　处：《天津体育学院学报》2019年第5期447-455,共9页Journal of Tianjin University of Sport

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(项目编号:19CXO4O20B);青岛市社科规划基金项目(项目编号:QDSKL1901045);教育部人文社会科学研究项目(项目编号:17YJA820038)

摘　　要：反兴奋剂治理机制由原来的多元化演变成二元化模式,并未彻底解决其固有的利益冲突问题,这也是俄罗斯、巴西、牙买加以及阿姆斯特朗等兴奋剂丑闻发生的制度原因,因此,2015版的《世界反兴奋剂条例》再次面临修改。目前,存在扩张违规主体与反兴奋剂工作独立化2个改革方案,前者根据国际奥委会对俄罗斯兴奋剂丑闻的处理,主张社会组织也应受条例的规制。然而,扩张兴奋剂违规主体不仅极易造成反兴奋剂问题的政治化,为当前的法律不允许,而且,还存在着司法上的障碍,即很多成员国的法院有可能突破条例的规定,行使管辖权,破坏反兴奋剂立法的统一实施。这样,实行由WADA统一领导的一元化反兴奋剂治理机制,彻底摆脱成员国甚至国际体育联合会的影响,应是改革的大趋势。虽然,这种改革方案也存在很多问题,如所需的资金难以筹措、对告密者缺乏保护、WADA组织以及治理结构需要变革等,但是,这些障碍是完全可以突破的。根据我国的实际情况,我国应积极参与反兴奋剂治理机制独立化的运动,反对扩张违规主体的改革方案,主张治疗用药豁免制度透明化。The anti-doping governance mechanism has changed from the original diversified mode to the dualistic mode,but it doesn’t thoroughly solve its in herent conflict of interests,which is also the institutional reason for the doping scandals in Russia,Brazil,Jamaica and Armstrong.Therefore,the 2015 version of WADC need to be revised again.There are currently two reform programs for expanding the subjects of anti-doping regulation violations and the indepen dence of anti-doping work.According to the IOC's handling of the Russian doping scandal,the former advocates that social organizations should also be regulat ed by it.However,expanding the subjects of doping violations is not only extremely easy to politicize anti-doping work,but also not be permitted by the legal principles.Moreover,there are still judicial obstacles,that is,the courts of many member states may break the provisions of the regulations and enforce the ju risdiction,leading to the aim of the regulation to unify anti-doping legislation and law enforcement completely meaningless.In this way,the unified leadership of WADA in anti-doping work,making it complete separation from the influence of member states and international sports federations,namely the adoption of a unified governance mechanism,should be the general trend of reform.Although there are many obstacles to this reform,such as the difficulty of raising funds,the WADA organization being not adapted to such reforms,and the lack of protection for informants,these obstacles can be broken through.Therefore,this re form plan is completely feasible.According to the actual situation of our country,we should actively participate in the campaign of independence of anti-doping governance mechanism,oppose to expand the subjects of violation,and advise the transparency of Therapeutic Use Exemption.

关 键 词：兴奋剂丑闻 利益冲突 赛事举办权 世界反兴奋剂机构 

分 类 号：G80-05[文化科学—运动人体科学]