张家山汉简中的田制等问题  

Issues on the Land System from Zhangjiashan Han Bamboo Slips

作　　者：晋文[1] Jin Wen(Department of History,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing Jiangsu,210097)

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学历史系

出　　处：《山东师范大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2019年第4期72-94,共23页Journal of Shandong Normal University(Humanities and Social Sciences)

基　　金：作者主持研究的国家社科基金重点项目“秦汉简牍史料中的土地制度研究”(13AZS004)的阶段性成果;中国社会科学院重大研究项目《中华思想通史》(封建社会编);江苏省一级学科重点学科南京师范大学中国史项目的资助

摘　　要：根据律令分析和文献记载,并参证《算数书》的成书年代,《二年律令》的颁行应始于汉王二年。汉初继承秦代,推行240平方步的大亩,目的是鼓励垦荒,扩大耕地,保证有足够的土地休耕。秦汉亩制有粗略计算的亩制和实际核算亩制,前者主要计算“不可垦田”和“可垦不垦田”的面积,后者主要计算耕地和“垦田”的面积。名田宅的爵位降等继承不等于田宅降等继承,名田宅的面积也不等于耕地和实有房屋的面积。汉初的土地制度实际是一种虚实结合的土地制度。它把赐田和授田合为一体,在整合原有耕地的基础上鼓励社会各界垦荒,制定了从彻侯到平民阶层所占有国家土地资源的配额,并承认和保护其开垦草田所得耕地的所有权,允许继承、转让、买卖和赠送。汉初的土地制度应是土地私有,而不是土地国有。According to the analysis of the law and the literature, and the reference to the completion time of Suanshu Shu, Two-Year Law should be promulgated in the second year of the reign of Emperor Han. The early Han Dynasty inherited the system of the Qin Dynasty and implemented the large mu system of 240-square bu(步) with the aim to encourage reclaiming the wasteland, expanding the cultivated land and ensure enough fallow land. There were two kinds of calculation system for the mu system in the Qin and Han Dynasties. One was a rough calculation of the mu system, which mainly calculated the area of “the land which could not be reclaimed” and “the land which could be reclaimed but was not reclaimed”;the other was the actual accounting mu system, which mainly calculated the area of the cultivated land and "reclaimed land". The inheritance of the downgrading nobility titles of the homestead with granted land(名田宅) did not mean the inheritance of the downgrading of the homestead with granted land;the area of the homestead with granted land was not equal to the area of the cultivated land and actual houses. The land system in the early Han Dynasty was actually a land system mixed with the nominal and the real. It combined bestowing land and granting land, and encouraged people of all walks of life to reclaim wasteland based on the integration of the original cultivated land. It also worked out quotas for the nobility of Chehou(彻侯)to the civilians to own the national land resources, acknowledged and protected the ownership of the cultivated land obtained by reclaiming the wasteland, permitted land inheritance, transfer, transaction and presentation. The land system in the early Han Dynasty should be the land private ownership but not the land state ownership.

关 键 词：汉代 张家山汉简 《二年律令》 汉二年 亩制 名田宅 土地私有 

分 类 号：K85[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]