毒品犯罪死刑控制的教义学展开——基于122份二审死刑判决书的实证研究  

Penalty Control in Drug Crimes from Legal Dogmatics Angle:Empirical Research Based on 122 Second-instance Death Sentences

作　　者：梅传强[1] 伍晋[1] MEI Chuan-qiang;Wu Jin(National Research Center of Drug Issues Governance,Southwest University of Political Science and Law,Chongqing 401120,China)

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学国家毒品问题治理研究中心

出　　处：《现代法学》2019年第5期195-209,共15页Modern Law Science

基　　金：西南政法大学国家毒品问题治理研究中心(毒品犯罪与对策研究中心)2018年度研究项目“重刑治毒理念的现代转型研究”[DR(2018)Y006]

摘　　要：毒品犯罪是我国当前死刑适用的主要犯罪之一,其不断受到正当性、必要性和有效性的拷问。在毒品犯罪中严格控制并逐步废除死刑,是我国《刑法》发展的未来趋势,也是刑罚回归人道的必然要求,亦是刑法谦抑性、刑罚轻缓化的应有之意。基于我国严峻的毒品情势以及国民的普遍情感,立法上废除死刑在短期内几无可能,通过刑事政策控制死刑又欠缺明确性、稳定性与统一性。基于刑法教义学的立场对《刑法》第48条第1款“罪行极其严重”进行严格解释,并在司法上构建一套完整、清晰而又科学的死刑适用标准,是控制死刑的正确路径。“罪行极其严重”的判断,应当从社会危害性与人身危险性两个维度展开。司法上应当对毒品进行分级,将死刑适用局限于涉及海洛因、甲基苯丙胺的极个别犯罪,涉及其他硬性毒品的犯罪最高判处无期徒刑,涉及软性毒品的犯罪以有期徒刑最大值为刑罚上限。死刑适用主要针对走私、制造毒品罪,对贩卖毒品罪以不适用死刑为一般,只对发生在制毒者与贩毒者、贩毒者与贩毒者之间的贩卖行为适用死刑,对运输毒品罪不再适用死刑。对采用诱惑侦查手段、未进行毒品纯度鉴定的案件不再适用死刑,仅对毒品共同犯罪中的首要分子、主犯以及毒品个人犯罪中的特定累犯、再犯适用死刑。通过司法上对死刑适用的严格控制来释缓立法上过于严厉的刑罚配置,实现刑法社会保护机能与人权保障机能的动态平衡。Drug crime is one of the main crimes in the application of death penalty in our country,with its legitimacy,necessity and effectiveness being constantly questioned.The strict control and gradual abolition of the death penalty on drug-related crimes do not only represent the trend of the Criminal Law in China,and the respect of humanity,but also meet the basic need of the mitigation in Criminal Law.Based on the severe drug situation in China and the general feelings of the people,it is almost impossible to abolish the death penalty in legislation in a short time,and it lacks clarity,stability and unity to control the death penalty through criminal policies.Therefore,it is the correct route for the control of the death penalty to strictly explain“extremely serious crime”or“a felony”in Article 48,paragraph 1 of the Criminal Law based on the dogmatics of the criminal law,we should strictly explain the“extremely serious crime”in Article 48,paragraph 1 of the Criminal Law and then establish a set of complete,clear and scientific criteria for the application of the death penalty in the judicial system.The judgment of“the extremely serious crime”should take the following two dimensions into careful consideration:social harmfulness and personal danger.Judicially speaking,drugs should be classified,and the death penalty should be limited to very few crimes involving heroin and methamphetamine.Crimes involving other hard drugs should be sentenced to life imprisonment.Crimes involving soft drugs should be at most sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment.The death penalty is mainly applied to the crime of smuggling and manufacturing drugs.The death penalty is not applicable to the crime of trafficking drugs in general.It is only applicable to the act of drug trafficking between drug producers and traffickers,and among drug traffickers.The death penalty is no longer applicable to the crime of transporting drugs.The death penalty is no longer applicable to these cases that employ the means of enticement investigatio

关 键 词：毒品犯罪 死刑 实证 教义学 限缩 

分 类 号：DF626[政治法律—刑法学]