水肥耦合对苹果幼树生长及光合特性的影响  

Effects of Water and Fertilizer Coupling on Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Young Apple Tree

作　　者：周罕觅[1] 牛晓丽 燕辉 赵龙[1] 赵娜[1] 向友珍[2] ZHOU Hanmi;NIU Xiaoli;YAN Hui;ZHAO Long;ZHAO Na;XIANG Youzhen(College of Agricultural Engineering,Henan University of Science and Technology,Luoyang 471003,China;Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]河南科技大学农业工程学院,河南洛阳471003 [2]西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《河南农业科学》2019年第10期112-119,共8页Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(51579211,51809086);河南省科技攻关计划项目(182102310836);河南省高等学校重点科研项目(16A416005)

摘　　要：在滴灌条件下,以2年生桶栽红富士苹果幼树为试验材料,设供水和施肥2个因素,供水设4个水平(充分供水W 1、轻度亏缺W 2、中度亏缺W 3和严重亏缺W 4,其灌水上下限分别为75%~90%、65%~80%、55%~70%和45%~60%田间持水量),施肥设3个水平(高肥F 1、中肥F 2和低肥F 3,其N、P 2O 5、K 2O质量分数分别为0.6、0.2、0.2 g/kg,0.4、0.2、0.2 g/kg和0.2、0.2、0.2 g/kg),研究水肥耦合对苹果幼树生长状况、光合生理特性以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,对比F 3W 4处理,F 1W 1处理植株生长量和叶面积分别提高85.2%和74.5%,F 1W 2处理植株生长量和叶面积分别提高98.7%和87.3%,这说明高肥和轻度水分亏缺水肥组合(F 1W 2处理),最有利于苹果幼树植株和叶面积的生长。水分利用效率的最大值均出现在F 1W 2处理,萌芽开花期、新稍生长期、坐果膨大期和成熟期分别为3.49、3.84、4.37、3.90 mmol/mol,与高水高肥的F 1W 1处理相比,虽然各生育时期净光合速率分别减少1.9%、7.2%、6.8%、2.1%,但水分利用效率分别提高5.8%、6.7%、4.5%、3.2%,这说明适度的水分亏缺可以提高苹果幼树的水分利用效率。不同水肥耦合处理下苹果幼树净光合速率和蒸腾速率差异最大值均发生在坐果膨大期,这说明苹果幼树坐果膨大期为需水需肥的最关键时期,此时期合理的水肥调控可促进苹果幼树的生长。With barrel planted red Fuji apple saplings as test materials,experiments which had four levels of irrigation(W 1,sufficient irrigation;W 2,mild water stress;W 3,moderate water stress;W 4,severe water stress.The lower and upper limits of irrigation were 75%—90%,65%—80%,55%—70%and 45%—60%field capacity,respectively)and three levels of fertilization(F 1,higher level;F 2,medium level;F 3,lower level.The N,P 2O 5 and K 2O were 0.6,0.2,0.2 g/kg,0.4,0.2,0.2 g/kg and 0.2,0.2,0.2 g/kg,respectively)were conducted to study the effects of water and fertilizer coupling on growth,photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency of two-year young apple tree under the drip irrigation.The results showed that compared with F 3W 4 treatment,F 1W 1 treatment increased plant growth and leaf area by 85.2%and 74.5%respectively,while F 1W 2 treatment increased plant growth and leaf area by 98.7%and 87.3%respectively,which indicated that the combination of high fertilizer and mild water deficit(F 1W 2 treatment)was most conducive to the plant and leaf growth of young apple tree.The maximum values of water use efficiency occurred in F 1W 2 treatment at each growth stage(germination and flowering stage,new growth stage,fruit setting and expanding stage and maturation stage)and were 3.49,3.84,4.37 and 3.90 mmol/mol,respectively.Meanwhile,compared with F 1W 1,although the net photosynthetic rate decreased by 1.9%,7.2%,6.8%and 2.1%respectively,the water use efficiency increased by 5.8%,6.7%,4.5%and 3.2%respectively,which indicated that the moderate water deficit could improve the water use efficiency of young apple trees.Moreover,the maximum differences of net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of apple saplings under different treatments all occurred in the fruit setting and expanding period,which indicated that the fruit setting and expanding period of young apple tree was the most critical period of water and fertilizer demand,during which reasonable regulation of water and fertilizer could promote the growth of you

关 键 词：苹果 水肥耦合 生长量 光合特性 水分利用效率 

分 类 号：S661.1[农业科学—果树学]